सामी शब्द जड़

सामी शब्द जड़ (Semitic word root) अरबी, इब्रानी और सीरियाई जैसी सामी भाषाओं के क्रिया और संज्ञा शब्दों में व्यंजनों की उस छोटी शृंखला को कहते हैं जो किसी मूल अवधारणा (कॅान्सेप्ट) या चीज़ को दर्शाते हैं। इन जड़-व्यंजनों के इर्द-गिर्द स्वर वर्णों (या कभी-कभी अन्य व्यंजनों) को डालकर उस अवधारणा पर आधारित अलग-अलग अर्थों के शब्द बनाए जाते हैं। त्रि-व्यंजनीय (triconsonantal, तीन व्यंजनों वाली) जड़ें सबसे आम हैं, हालांकि चार-व्यंजनीय (quadriconsonantal) जड़ें भी कहीं-कहीं मिलती हैं।^[1]^[2]^[3]

आम बोलचाल की हिन्दी, पंजाबी, कश्मीरी, फ़ारसी व तुर्की भाषाओं में बहुत से अरबी-मूल के शब्द हैं इसलिए इन शब्द जड़ों के उदाहरण इन भाषाओं में भी दिखते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए अरबी में: किताब (पुस्तक), कुतुब (पुस्तकें), कातिब (लेखक), कुत्ताब (कई लेखक), कतबा (उसने लिखा), मकतूब (लिखा हुआ), यकतुबू (वह लिखता है) - सभी 'क-त-ब' के व्यंजनों के बीच में स्वर बदलकर बनाए जाते हैं। यह 'क-त-ब' की त्रिव्यंजनीय जड़ 'लिख' की अवधारणा बताती है।^[4]

इन्हें भी देखें संपादित करें

सन्दर्भ संपादित करें

↑ Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar, Edward Lipiński, pp. 208, Peeters Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-90-429-0815-4, ... Semitic roots are continuous morphemes which are instrumental in derivation but subject to vocalic and consonantal change in this process which is based on continuous or discontinuous 'pattern morphemes' ...
↑ The Language of the Harappans: From Akkadian to Sanskrit, Malati J. Shendge, pp. 77, Abhinav Publications, 1997, ISBN 978-81-7017-325-0, ... The Semitic roots are constituted of consonants and bear meaning. The change of vowel indicates different forms. The consonantal structure, however, is permanent. So they are the basis or the foundation or ultimate stuff of these languages ...
↑ The relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian verbal systems, Thomas William Thacker, Clarendon Press, 1954, ... The vast majority of Semitic roots are triliteral. Multilateral roots (i.e. those with more than three radicals) are employed, but they are not common except in Ethiopic and, to a lesser extent, in Arabic ...
↑ Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing Archived 2014-01-01 at the वेबैक मशीन, Nizar Y. Habash, pp. 42, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-1-59829-795-9, ... the words katab 'to write', kAtib 'writer', maktuwb 'written' and all the words in Figure 4.2 share the root morpheme -- k-t-b 'writing-related' ...

[ref55ficay-1] Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar, Edward Lipiński, pp. 208, Peeters Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-90-429-0815-4, ... Semitic roots are continuous morphemes which are instrumental in derivation but subject to vocalic and consonantal change in this process which is based on continuous or discontinuous 'pattern morphemes' ...

[ref02mogum-2] The Language of the Harappans: From Akkadian to Sanskrit, Malati J. Shendge, pp. 77, Abhinav Publications, 1997, ISBN 978-81-7017-325-0, ... The Semitic roots are constituted of consonants and bear meaning. The change of vowel indicates different forms. The consonantal structure, however, is permanent. So they are the basis or the foundation or ultimate stuff of these languages ...

[ref48yeful-3] The relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian verbal systems, Thomas William Thacker, Clarendon Press, 1954, ... The vast majority of Semitic roots are triliteral. Multilateral roots (i.e. those with more than three radicals) are employed, but they are not common except in Ethiopic and, to a lesser extent, in Arabic ...

[ref74mevix-4] Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing Archived 2014-01-01 at the वेबैक मशीन, Nizar Y. Habash, pp. 42, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-1-59829-795-9, ... the words katab 'to write', kAtib 'writer', maktuwb 'written' and all the words in Figure 4.2 share the root morpheme -- k-t-b 'writing-related' ...

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