गर्भपात

गर्भपात (अंग्रेज़ी: Abortion) परिपक्वता अवधि अथवा व्यवहार्यता से पूर्व गर्भ के समापन की अवस्था है जिसमें गर्भाशय से भ्रूण स्वत: निष्काषित हो जाता है या कर दिया जाता है।^{[note 1]} इसके परिणामस्वरूप गर्भावस्था (pregnancy) की समाप्ति हो जाती है। किसी कारण भ्रूण के स्वतः समाप्त हो जाने को गर्भ विफलता (miscarriage) कहा जाता है। सामान्यतः गर्भपात मानव गर्भ को जबरन समाप्त किये जाने को इंगित करता है।

गर्भपात के प्रकारसंपादित करें

कृत्रिमसंपादित करें

ऐसा अनुमान है कि पूरे विश्व में लगभग २० करोड़ गर्भधारण की प्रक्रिया प्रति वर्ष घटित होती हैं। इनमें से लगभग एक तिहायी अनैच्छिक होते हैं और लगभग हर पाँचवें की परिणति जबरन गर्भपात में है।^[1]^[2] अधिकतर गर्भपात की घटनाएँ अनैच्छिक गर्भधारण के कारण होती हैं।^[3]^[4] गर्भ को साभिप्राय कई तरीकों से समाप्त किया जा सकता है। गर्भपात का तरीका भ्रूण की गर्भावधि पर निर्भर करता है कि जो कि गर्भ की अवधि बढ़ने के साथ आकार में विकसित होता रहता है।^[5]^[6] कुछ विशिष्ट प्रक्रियाओं का चयन वैधता, स्थानीय उपलब्धता के साथ-साथ चिकित्सक और मरीज़ की वरीयता के आधार पर भी किया जा सकता है।

स्वतःसंपादित करें

स्वतः गर्भपात, जिसे गर्भ विफलता भी कह सकते हैं, गर्भावधि के २४वें सप्ताह के पूर्व ही निरभिप्राय गर्भ निष्कासन के कारण घटित होता है।^[7] ऐसा गर्भ जो ३७ हफ़्तों के पूर्व ही जीवित शिशु प्रसव के साथ समाप्त हो जाए उसे अपरिणत प्रसव (premature birth), अकाल प्रसव या कालपूर्व प्रसव कहा जाता है।^[8] गर्भ में परिपक्वता अवधि के पश्चात अथवा प्रसव के दौरान जब भ्रूण की मृत्यु हो जाय तो उसे सामान्यतः मृत प्रसव (stillbirth) या मृतशिशु प्रसव कहा जाता है।^[9] बावजूद इसके कि कभी-कभी इन पदों का प्रयोग एक दूसरे में गड्ड-मड्ड हो सकता है, अकाल प्रसव और मृत-प्रसव सामान्यतः गर्भ विफलता के तौर पर नहीं माने जाते।^[10]

विधियाँसंपादित करें

भेषज (औषधि)संपादित करें

गर्भांतक औषधियों के माध्यम से गर्भपात आरोपित करना ही भेषज गर्भपात है। १९७० के दशक में प्रोस्टाग्लैंडिन अनुरूप और १९८० के दौरान प्रतिप्रोजेस्टोजेन माइफप्रिस्टोन की उपलब्धता के पश्चात भेषज गर्भपात साभिप्राय गर्भपात का एक वैकल्पिक तरीका बन गया।^[11]^[12]^[13]

शल्यसंपादित करें

अन्य विधियाँसंपादित करें

सुरक्षासंपादित करें

असुरक्षित गर्भपातसंपादित करें

१९२५ के आसपास का एक सोवियत पोस्टर, जिसमें गर्भपात कराने वाली दाइयों के विरुद्ध चेतावनी दी गयी है। शीर्षक का अनुवाद है : "अप्रशिक्षित अथवा स्वशिक्षित दाइयों द्वारा गर्भपात न केवल महिलाओं को अक्षम बनाता है बल्कि उनकी मृत्यु का कारण भी बन सकता है।"

गर्भ से छुटकारा पाने की तलाश में महिलाएँ कभी-कभी असुरक्षित तरीकों का भी सहारा लेती हैं, ख़ासकर तब जबकि कानूनी तौर पर अनुमति मिलने में अड़चन हो। ऐसी स्थिति में वे या तो स्वयं कोशिश करती हैं या किसी दूसरे की सहायता लेती हैं जिनका न तो पर्याप्त चिकित्सकीय प्रशिक्षण होता है न ही उचित चिकित्सकीय सुविधाओं तक पहुँच। ऐसे असुरक्षित गर्भपात गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं, मसलन अपूर्ण गर्भपात, पूति (sepsis), रक्तस्राव और आंतरिक अंगों को गंभीर क्षति का कारण बन सकते हैं।^[14]

महिला एवं पुरुषों का पर्व पर पहली बार जय मां जयगढ़ की तोप के कारण हुआ था राजस्थान में

समाज और संस्कृतिसंपादित करें

गर्भपात संबंधी बहसेंसंपादित करें

प्रेरित गर्भपात लंबे समय तक काफी बहस का स्रोत रहा है। नैतिक, दार्शनिक, जैविक, गर्भपात के आसपास के धार्मिक और कानूनी मुद्दों मूल्य सिस्टम से संबंधित हैं। गर्भपात की राय भ्रूण के अधिकार, सरकारी अधिकार और महिलाओं के अधिकारों के बारे में हो सकती है

दोनों सार्वजनिक और निजी बहस में, बहस का तर्क प्रेरित या गर्भपात के लिए या तो गर्भपात की नैतिक स्वीकार्यता, या गर्भपात को प्रतिबंधित करने या प्रतिबंधित करने वाले कानूनों का समर्थन करने के पक्ष में प्रस्तुत किया गया था। चिकित्सीय गर्भपात पर विश्व मेडिकल एसोसिएशन घोषणापत्र कहते हैं, "परिस्थितियों में एक माँ के हित को उसके अजेय बच्चे के हितों के साथ संघर्ष में लाने में एक दुविधा पैदा होती है और यह सवाल उठाता है कि गर्भावस्था को जानबूझकर खत्म कर दिया जाना चाहिए या नहीं।" गर्भपात वाद-विवाद, विशेष रूप से गर्भपात कानूनों से संबंधित, अक्सर इन दोनों स्थितियों में से एक की वकालत करने वाले समूहों द्वारा आगे बढ़ते हैं। विरोधी-गर्भपात समूह, जो पूर्ण निषेध सहित गर्भपात पर अधिक कानूनी प्रतिबंधों का समर्थन करते हैं, वे अक्सर खुद को "समर्थक जीवन" के रूप में बताते हैं, जबकि गर्भपात के अधिकार समूह, जो इस तरह के कानूनी प्रतिबंधों के खिलाफ हैं, स्वयं को "समर्थ विकल्प" कहते हैं। आम तौर पर, पूर्व की स्थिति का तर्क है कि एक मानव भ्रूण एक इंसान है जो जीने के अधिकार के साथ, गर्भपात को नैतिक रूप से हत्या के समान बना देता है। उत्तरार्द्ध की स्थिति का तर्क है कि एक महिला के पास कुछ प्रजनन अधिकार हैं, विशेष रूप से चुनाव के लिए अवधि के लिए गर्भधारण करने के लिए या नहीं।

कानूनी स्थितसंपादित करें

कानून की तरफ से गर्भपात इन कारणों के चलते कराया जा सकता है-

जब गर्भ के कारण जीवन खतरे में हो।
जब पैदा होने वाले शिशु को मानसिक बीमारी होने की आशंका हो।
गर्भ बलात्कार के बाद ठहर गया हो, या
गर्भ परिवार नियोजन में विफल होने का कारण हो।

लिंग निर्धारित गर्भपातसंपादित करें

सोनोग्राफ़ी और एमीनोसेंटिस माता-पिता को प्रसव के पहले लिंग को जानने की अनुमति देती है। इस तकनीक के विकास से लिंग-चयनात्मक गर्भपात या लिंग के आधार पर भ्रूण की समाप्ति हुई है। एक महिला भ्रूण का चयनात्मक समापन सबसे आम है।

कुछ देशों में पुरुष और महिला बच्चों की जन्म दर के बीच में लिंग-चयनात्मक गर्भपात आंशिक रूप से जिम्मेदार है। एशिया के कई इलाकों में पुरुष बच्चों की प्राथमिकता की सूचना है, और ताइवान, दक्षिण कोरिया, भारत और चीन में महिला जन्मों को सीमित करने के लिए गर्भपात की रिपोर्ट की गई है। पुरुषों और महिलाओं की मानक जन्म दर से यह विचलन इस तथ्य के बावजूद होता है कि इन देश में आधिकारिक तौर पर लिंग-चयनात्मक गर्भपात या यौन-स्क्रीनिंग पर प्रतिबंध लगा है। चीन में, एक ऐतिहासिक प्राथमिकता एक नर बच्चे के लिए एक-बाल नीति के कारण बढ़ी है , जो की 1979 में लागू की गई।

कई देशों ने सेक्स-चयनात्मक गर्भपात की घटनाओं को कम करने के लिए विधायी कदम उठाए हैं। 1994 में 180 राज्यों से अधिक ने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन में "बालिका के विरुद्ध सभी प्रकार के भेदभाव और बेटे की वरीयता के मूल कारणों" को खत्म करने पर सहमति जताई , शर्तों को 2011 में पीएसीई के प्रस्ताव से भी निंदा की गई। विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन और यूनिसेफ, अन्य संयुक्त राष्ट्र एजेंसियों , ने पाया है कि गर्भपात की पहुंच कम करने के उपाय लैंगिक असमानता को कम करने के उपायों की तुलना में लिंग-चयनात्मक गर्भपात को कम करने में काफी कम प्रभावी हैं। [

गर्भपात विरोधी हिंसासंपादित करें

कला, साहित्य और सिनेमासंपादित करें

धार्मिक मान्यतासंपादित करें

सन्दर्भसंपादित करें

↑ Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Original Research Article in The Lancet – Author Version, द्वारा : G Sedgh ScD, S Singh PhD, S K Henshaw PhD, A Bankole PhD : Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY USA ; I H Shah PhD, E Åhman MA : World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland ; Published inThe Lancet : February 18th, 2012 (Vol. 379, Issue 9816 Pages 625 ‐ 632) Published online January 19th, 2012
↑ Cheng L. (1 नवम्बर 2008). "Surgical versus medical methods for second-trimester induced abortion". The WHO Reproductive Health Library. World Health Organization. मूल से 17 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि २४ अक्टूबर २०१३.
↑ Bankole; एवं अन्य (1998). "Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries". International Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (3): 117–127 & 152. मूल से 17 जनवरी 2006 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)
↑ Finer, Lawrence B.; Frohwirth, Lori F.; Dauphinee, Lindsay A.; Singh, Susheela; Moore, Ann M. (2005). "Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives" (PDF). Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 37 (3): 110–118. PMID 16150658. डीओआइ:10.1111/j.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x. मूल से 17 जनवरी 2006 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.
↑ Stubblefield, Phillip G. (2002). "10. Family Planning". प्रकाशित Berek, Jonathan S. (संपा॰). Novak's Gynecology (13 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7817-3262-8.
↑ Bartlett, LA; Berg, CJ; Shulman, HB; Zane, SB; Green, CA; Whitehead, S; Atrash, HK (2004). "Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States" (PDF). Obstetrics & Gynecology. 103 (4): 729–37. PMID 15051566. डीओआइ:10.1097/01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60. मूल (PDF) से 26 सितंबर 2006 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.
↑ Churchill Livingstone medical dictionary. Edinburgh New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2008. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-10412-1. The preferred term for unintentional loss of the product of conception prior to 24 weeks' gestation is miscarriage.
↑ Annas, George J.; Elias, Sherman (2007). "51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice". प्रकाशित Gabbe, Steven G.; Niebyl, Jennifer R.; Simpson, Joe Leigh (संपा॰). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (5 संस्करण). Churchill Livingstone. पृ॰ 669. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-06930-7. A preterm birth is defined as one that occurs before the completion of 37 menstrual weeks of gestation, regardless of birth weight.
↑ "Stillbirth".। (2010)। ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस। अभिगमन तिथि: 24 अक्तूबर 2013 “birth of a fetus that shows no evidence of life (heartbeat, respiration, or independent movement) at any time later than 24 weeks after conception”
↑ "Documenting Stillbirth (Fetal Death)" (PDF). United States Department of State. 18 फ़रवरी 2011. मूल से 28 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि २४ अक्टूबर २०१३.
↑ Kulier R, Kapp N, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Cheng L, Campana A (2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11 (11): CD002855. PMID 22071804. डीओआइ:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
↑ Creinin MD, Gemzell-Danielsson K (2009). "Medical abortion in early pregnancy". प्रकाशित Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD (eds.) (संपा॰). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. पपृ॰ 111–134. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-4051-7696-2.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: editors list (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू पाठ: editors list (link)
↑ Kapp N, von Hertzen H (2009). "Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester". प्रकाशित Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD (eds.) (संपा॰). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. ऑक्सफोर्ड: Wiley-Blackwell. पपृ॰ 178–192. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-4051-7696-2.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: editors list (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू पाठ: editors list (link)
↑ ओकोनोफुआ, एफ. (2006). "Abortion and maternal mortality in the developing world" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 28 (11): 974–979. PMID 17169222. मूल (PDF) से 11 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

टिप्पणियाँसंपादित करें

↑
Definitions of abortion, as with many words, vary from source to source. The following is a partial list of definitions as stated by obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) textbooks, dictionaries, and other encyclopedias:
Major OB/GYN textbooks
- The National Center for Health Statistics defines an "abortus" as "[a] fetus or embryo removed or expelled from the uterus during the first half of gestation—20 weeks or less, or in the absence of accurate dating criteria, born weighing < 500 g." They also define "birth" as "[t]he complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a fetus after 20 weeks' gestation. ... in the absence of accurate dating criteria, fetuses weighing <500 g are usually not considered as births, but rather are termed abortuses for purposes of vital statistics." Cunningham, FG; Leveno, KJ; Bloom, SL; एवं अन्य, संपा॰ (2010). "1. Overview of Obstetrics". Williams Obstetrics (23 संस्करण). McGraw-Hill Medical. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-07-149701-5.
- "[T]he standard medical definition of abortion [is] termination of a pregnancy when the fetus is not viable". Annas, George J.; Elias, Sherman (2007). "51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice". प्रकाशित Gabbe, Steven G.; Niebyl, Jennifer R.; Simpson, Joe Leigh (संपा॰). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (5 संस्करण). Churchill Livingstone. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-06930-7.
- "Termination of a pregnancy, whether spontaneous or induced." Kottke, Melissa J.; Zieman, Mimi (2008). "33. Management of Abortion". प्रकाशित Rock, John A.; Jones III, Howard W. (संपा॰). TeLinde's Operative Gynecology (10 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7817-7234-1.
Other OB/GYN textbooks
- "Termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks' gestation calculated from date of onset of last menses. An alternative definition is delivery of a fetus with a weight of less than 500 g. If abortion occurs before 12 weeks' gestation, it is called early; from 12 to 20 weeks it is called late." लुआ त्रुटि Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities में पंक्ति 60 पर: bad argument #1 to 'message.newRawMessage' (string expected, got nil)।
- "Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. Because popular use of the word abortion implies a deliberate pregnancy termination, some prefer the word miscarriage to refer to spontaneous fetal loss before viability ... The National Center for Health Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) define abortion as pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks' gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 g. Despite this, definitions vary widely according to state laws." Schorge, John O.; Schaffer, Joseph I.; Halvorson, Lisa M.; Hoffman, Barbara L.; Bradshaw, Karen D.; Cunningham, F. Gary, संपा॰ (2008). "6. First-Trimester Abortion". Williams Gynecology (1 संस्करण). McGraw-Hill Medical. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-07-147257-9.
Major medical dictionaries
- "The spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches a viable age." "Taber's Medical Dictionary: abortion". Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis. मूल से 15 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 जून 2011.
- "Expulsion from the uterus an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation or fetal weight <500g). A distinction made between [abortion] and premature birth: premature infants are those born after the stage of viability but prior to 37 weeks." Stedman's Medical Dictionary (27 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-683-40008-8.
- "[P]remature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception, either the embryo or a nonviable fetus." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (31 संस्करण). Saunders. 2007. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-4160-2364-7.
Other medical dictionaries
- "[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus". "Medical Dictionary". Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. मूल से 15 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 जून 2011.
- "Induced termination of pregnancy, involving destruction of the embryo or fetus." "abortion." The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2005. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-618-45504-1.
- "Interruption of pregnancy before the fetus has attained a stage of viability, usually before the 24th gestational week." "abortion." Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. OCLC 54374716.
- "[A] spontaneous or deliberate ending of pregnancy before the fetus can be expected to survive." "abortion." Mosby's Emergency Dictionary. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. 1998. OCLC 37553784.^{[verification needed]}
- "[A] situation where a fetus leaves the uterus before it is fully developed, especially during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy, or a procedure which causes this to happen ... [T]o have an abortion to have an operation to make a fetus leave the uterus during the first period of pregnancy." ""abortion"". Dictionary of Medical Terms. London: A & C Black. 2005. OCLC 55634250.
- "1. Induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the fetus or embryo; therapeutic abortion. 2. Spontaneous abortion." The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (reprint संस्करण). Houghton Mifflin. 2008. पृ॰ 2. OCLC 608212441. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-618-94725-6.
- "Although the term abortion is generic and implies a premature termination of pregnancy for any reason, the lay public better understands the word 'miscarriage' for involuntary fetal loss or fetal wastage." The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Parthenon Publishing. 1992. पृ॰ 3. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-85070-321-3.
- "The termination of pregnancy or premature expulsion of the products of conception by any means, usually before fetal viability." Churchill's Medical Dictionary. Churchill Livingstone. 1989. पृ॰ 3. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-443-08691-5.
Major English dictionaries (general-purpose)
- "1. a. The expulsion or removal from the womb of a developing embryo or fetus, spec. (Med.) in the period before it is capable of independent survival, occurring as a result either of natural causes (more fully spontaneous abortion) or of a deliberate act (more fully induced abortion); the early or premature termination of pregnancy with loss of the fetus; an instance of this." "abortion, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Third संस्करण). ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस. सितंबर 2009; online version September 2011. |date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)
- "[A]n operation or other procedure to terminate pregnancy before the fetus is viable" or "[T]he premature termination of pregnancy by spontaneous or induced expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus". "abortion". Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. मूल से 23 अक्तूबर 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 7 अक्टूबर 2012.
- "[T]he removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy" or "[A]ny of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months." "abortion". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 जून 2011. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.
- "[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as (a) spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation (b) induced expulsion of a human fetus (c) expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy." Merriam-Webster Dictionary Archived 2015-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, from Merriam-Webster, an एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटेनिका Company.
- "1. medicine the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently, deliberately induced by the use of drugs or by surgical procedures. Also called termination or induced abortion. 2. medicine the spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently. Also called miscarriage, spontaneous abortion." Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. London: Chambers Harrap, 2001.
- "a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, online edition Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Other dictionaries
- "The deliberate termination of a pregnancy, usually before the embryo or fetus is capable of independent life." The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (3rd संस्करण). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.
- "A term that, in philosophy, theology, and social debates, often means the deliberate termination of pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive outside the uterus. However, participants in these debates sometimes use the term abortion simply to mean the termination of pregnancy before birth, regardless of whether the fetus is viable or not." "abortion." Dictionary of World Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2001.
- "1. An artificially induced termination of a pregnancy for the purpose of destroying an embryo or fetus. 2. The spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus before viability;" Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Black's Law Dictionary (9th संस्करण). Thomson West. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-314-19949-2. नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)
Encyclopedias
- "[T]he expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation)." "Abortion (pregnancy)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. मूल से 26 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 जून 2011.
- "Expulsion of the products of conception before the embryo or fetus is viable. Any interruption of human pregnancy prior to the 28th week is known as abortion." “Abortion”। The Columbia Encyclopedia। (2008)। New York: Columbia University Press।
- "The expulsion or removal of a fetus from the womb before it is capable of independent survival." “Abortion”। World Encyclopedia। (2008)। ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस।
- "[Abortion] is commonly misunderstood outside medical circles. In general terms, the word 'abortion' simply means the failure of something to reach fulfilment or maturity. Medically, abortion means loss of the fetus, for any reason, before it is able to survive outside the womb. The term covers accidental or spontaneous ending, or miscarriage, of pregnancy as well as deliberate termination. The terms 'spontaneous abortion' and 'miscarriage' are synonymous and are defined as loss of the fetus before the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. This definition implies a legal perception of the age at which a fetus can survive out of the womb. With great advances in recent years in the ability to keep very premature babies alive, this definition is in need of revision." “Abortion and miscarriage”। The Royal Society of Medicine Health Encyclopedia। (2000)। London: Bloomsbury Publishing।
- "Abortion is the intentional removal of a fetus or an embryo from a mother's womb for purposes other than that of either producing a live birth or disposing of a dead embryo." “Abortion”। Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues since 1945 (1)। (1999)। Santa Barbara, California: Routledge।

इन्हें भी देखेंसंपादित करें

चिकित्सीय गर्भपात

बाहरी कड़ियाँसंपादित करें

गर्भपात के नुकसान
गर्भपात के बारे में प्राय: पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न (जनसंख्या स्थिरता कोष)
गर्भपात (भारत विकास द्वार)
महिलाओं में गर्भपात, बांझपन का कारण प्रतिरोधक कोशिकाएं (लाइव हिन्दुस्तान)
Abortion Policies: A Global Review
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Abortion
The Guttmacher Institute
Johnston's Archive: Abortion Statistics and Other Data
भारत में गर्भपात^{[मृत कड़ियाँ]}

[2] Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Original Research Article in The Lancet – Author Version, द्वारा : G Sedgh ScD, S Singh PhD, S K Henshaw PhD, A Bankole PhD : Guttmacher Institute, New York, NY USA ; I H Shah PhD, E Åhman MA : World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland ; Published inThe Lancet : February 18th, 2012 (Vol. 379, Issue 9816 Pages 625 ‐ 632) Published online January 19th, 2012

[3] Cheng L. (1 नवम्बर 2008). "Surgical versus medical methods for second-trimester induced abortion". The WHO Reproductive Health Library. World Health Organization. मूल से 17 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि २४ अक्टूबर २०१३.

[4] Bankole; एवं अन्य (1998). "Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries". International Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (3): 117–127 & 152. मूल से 17 जनवरी 2006 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)

[5] Finer, Lawrence B.; Frohwirth, Lori F.; Dauphinee, Lindsay A.; Singh, Susheela; Moore, Ann M. (2005). "Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives" (PDF). Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 37 (3): 110–118. PMID 16150658. डीओआइ:10.1111/j.1931-2393.2005.tb00045.x. मूल से 17 जनवरी 2006 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

[6] Stubblefield, Phillip G. (2002). "10. Family Planning". प्रकाशित Berek, Jonathan S. (संपा॰). Novak's Gynecology (13 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7817-3262-8.

[7] Bartlett, LA; Berg, CJ; Shulman, HB; Zane, SB; Green, CA; Whitehead, S; Atrash, HK (2004). "Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States" (PDF). Obstetrics & Gynecology. 103 (4): 729–37. PMID 15051566. डीओआइ:10.1097/01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60. मूल (PDF) से 26 सितंबर 2006 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

[8] Churchill Livingstone medical dictionary. Edinburgh New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2008. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-10412-1. The preferred term for unintentional loss of the product of conception prior to 24 weeks' gestation is miscarriage.

[9] Annas, George J.; Elias, Sherman (2007). "51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice". प्रकाशित Gabbe, Steven G.; Niebyl, Jennifer R.; Simpson, Joe Leigh (संपा॰). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (5 संस्करण). Churchill Livingstone. पृ॰ 669. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-06930-7. A preterm birth is defined as one that occurs before the completion of 37 menstrual weeks of gestation, regardless of birth weight.

[10] "Stillbirth".। (2010)। ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस। अभिगमन तिथि: 24 अक्तूबर 2013 “birth of a fetus that shows no evidence of life (heartbeat, respiration, or independent movement) at any time later than 24 weeks after conception”

[11] "Documenting Stillbirth (Fetal Death)" (PDF). United States Department of State. 18 फ़रवरी 2011. मूल से 28 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि २४ अक्टूबर २०१३.

[Kulier_2011-12] Kulier R, Kapp N, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Cheng L, Campana A (2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11 (11): CD002855. PMID 22071804. डीओआइ:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)

[Creinin_2009-13] Creinin MD, Gemzell-Danielsson K (2009). "Medical abortion in early pregnancy". प्रकाशित Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD (eds.) (संपा॰). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. पपृ॰ 111–134. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-4051-7696-2.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: editors list (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू पाठ: editors list (link)

[Kapp_2009-14] Kapp N, von Hertzen H (2009). "Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester". प्रकाशित Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD (eds.) (संपा॰). Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. ऑक्सफोर्ड: Wiley-Blackwell. पपृ॰ 178–192. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-4051-7696-2.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: editors list (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू पाठ: editors list (link)

[15] ओकोनोफुआ, एफ. (2006). "Abortion and maternal mortality in the developing world" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 28 (11): 974–979. PMID 17169222. मूल (PDF) से 11 जनवरी 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

[definition-1] Definitions of abortion, as with many words, vary from source to source. The following is a partial list of definitions as stated by obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) textbooks, dictionaries, and other encyclopedias:
Major OB/GYN textbooks
The National Center for Health Statistics defines an "abortus" as "[a] fetus or embryo removed or expelled from the uterus during the first half of gestation—20 weeks or less, or in the absence of accurate dating criteria, born weighing < 500 g." They also define "birth" as "[t]he complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a fetus after 20 weeks' gestation. ... in the absence of accurate dating criteria, fetuses weighing <500 g are usually not considered as births, but rather are termed abortuses for purposes of vital statistics." Cunningham, FG; Leveno, KJ; Bloom, SL; एवं अन्य, संपा॰ (2010). "1. Overview of Obstetrics". Williams Obstetrics (23 संस्करण). McGraw-Hill Medical. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-07-149701-5.

"[T]he standard medical definition of abortion [is] termination of a pregnancy when the fetus is not viable". Annas, George J.; Elias, Sherman (2007). "51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice". प्रकाशित Gabbe, Steven G.; Niebyl, Jennifer R.; Simpson, Joe Leigh (संपा॰). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (5 संस्करण). Churchill Livingstone. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-06930-7.

"Termination of a pregnancy, whether spontaneous or induced." Kottke, Melissa J.; Zieman, Mimi (2008). "33. Management of Abortion". प्रकाशित Rock, John A.; Jones III, Howard W. (संपा॰). TeLinde's Operative Gynecology (10 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7817-7234-1.
Other OB/GYN textbooks
"Termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks' gestation calculated from date of onset of last menses. An alternative definition is delivery of a fetus with a weight of less than 500 g. If abortion occurs before 12 weeks' gestation, it is called early; from 12 to 20 weeks it is called late." लुआ त्रुटि Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities में पंक्ति 60 पर: bad argument #1 to 'message.newRawMessage' (string expected, got nil)।

"Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. Because popular use of the word abortion implies a deliberate pregnancy termination, some prefer the word miscarriage to refer to spontaneous fetal loss before viability ... The National Center for Health Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) define abortion as pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks' gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 g. Despite this, definitions vary widely according to state laws." Schorge, John O.; Schaffer, Joseph I.; Halvorson, Lisa M.; Hoffman, Barbara L.; Bradshaw, Karen D.; Cunningham, F. Gary, संपा॰ (2008). "6. First-Trimester Abortion". Williams Gynecology (1 संस्करण). McGraw-Hill Medical. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-07-147257-9.
Major medical dictionaries
"The spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches a viable age." "Taber's Medical Dictionary: abortion". Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis. मूल से 15 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 जून 2011.

"Expulsion from the uterus an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation or fetal weight <500g). A distinction made between [abortion] and premature birth: premature infants are those born after the stage of viability but prior to 37 weeks." Stedman's Medical Dictionary (27 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-683-40008-8.

"[P]remature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception, either the embryo or a nonviable fetus." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (31 संस्करण). Saunders. 2007. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-4160-2364-7.
Other medical dictionaries
"[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus". "Medical Dictionary". Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. मूल से 15 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 जून 2011.

"Induced termination of pregnancy, involving destruction of the embryo or fetus." "abortion." The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2005. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-618-45504-1.

"Interruption of pregnancy before the fetus has attained a stage of viability, usually before the 24th gestational week." "abortion." Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. OCLC 54374716.

"[A] spontaneous or deliberate ending of pregnancy before the fetus can be expected to survive." "abortion." Mosby's Emergency Dictionary. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. 1998. OCLC 37553784.^{[verification needed]}

"[A] situation where a fetus leaves the uterus before it is fully developed, especially during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy, or a procedure which causes this to happen ... [T]o have an abortion to have an operation to make a fetus leave the uterus during the first period of pregnancy." ""abortion"". Dictionary of Medical Terms. London: A & C Black. 2005. OCLC 55634250.

"1. Induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the fetus or embryo; therapeutic abortion. 2. Spontaneous abortion." The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (reprint संस्करण). Houghton Mifflin. 2008. पृ॰ 2. OCLC 608212441. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-618-94725-6.

"Although the term abortion is generic and implies a premature termination of pregnancy for any reason, the lay public better understands the word 'miscarriage' for involuntary fetal loss or fetal wastage." The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Parthenon Publishing. 1992. पृ॰ 3. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-85070-321-3.

"The termination of pregnancy or premature expulsion of the products of conception by any means, usually before fetal viability." Churchill's Medical Dictionary. Churchill Livingstone. 1989. पृ॰ 3. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-443-08691-5.
Major English dictionaries (general-purpose)
"1. a. The expulsion or removal from the womb of a developing embryo or fetus, spec. (Med.) in the period before it is capable of independent survival, occurring as a result either of natural causes (more fully spontaneous abortion) or of a deliberate act (more fully induced abortion); the early or premature termination of pregnancy with loss of the fetus; an instance of this." "abortion, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Third संस्करण). ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस. सितंबर 2009; online version September 2011. |date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)

"[A]n operation or other procedure to terminate pregnancy before the fetus is viable" or "[T]he premature termination of pregnancy by spontaneous or induced expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus". "abortion". Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. मूल से 23 अक्तूबर 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 7 अक्टूबर 2012.

"[T]he removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy" or "[A]ny of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months." "abortion". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 जून 2011. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

"[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as (a) spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation (b) induced expulsion of a human fetus (c) expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy." Merriam-Webster Dictionary Archived 2015-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, from Merriam-Webster, an एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटेनिका Company.

"1. medicine the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently, deliberately induced by the use of drugs or by surgical procedures. Also called termination or induced abortion. 2. medicine the spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently. Also called miscarriage, spontaneous abortion." Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. London: Chambers Harrap, 2001.

"a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, online edition Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Other dictionaries
"The deliberate termination of a pregnancy, usually before the embryo or fetus is capable of independent life." The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (3rd संस्करण). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

"A term that, in philosophy, theology, and social debates, often means the deliberate termination of pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive outside the uterus. However, participants in these debates sometimes use the term abortion simply to mean the termination of pregnancy before birth, regardless of whether the fetus is viable or not." "abortion." Dictionary of World Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2001.

"1. An artificially induced termination of a pregnancy for the purpose of destroying an embryo or fetus. 2. The spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus before viability;" Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Black's Law Dictionary (9th संस्करण). Thomson West. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-314-19949-2. नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)
Encyclopedias
"[T]he expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation)." "Abortion (pregnancy)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. मूल से 26 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 जून 2011.

"Expulsion of the products of conception before the embryo or fetus is viable. Any interruption of human pregnancy prior to the 28th week is known as abortion." “Abortion”। The Columbia Encyclopedia। (2008)। New York: Columbia University Press।

"The expulsion or removal of a fetus from the womb before it is capable of independent survival." “Abortion”। World Encyclopedia। (2008)। ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस।

"[Abortion] is commonly misunderstood outside medical circles. In general terms, the word 'abortion' simply means the failure of something to reach fulfilment or maturity. Medically, abortion means loss of the fetus, for any reason, before it is able to survive outside the womb. The term covers accidental or spontaneous ending, or miscarriage, of pregnancy as well as deliberate termination. The terms 'spontaneous abortion' and 'miscarriage' are synonymous and are defined as loss of the fetus before the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. This definition implies a legal perception of the age at which a fetus can survive out of the womb. With great advances in recent years in the ability to keep very premature babies alive, this definition is in need of revision." “Abortion and miscarriage”। The Royal Society of Medicine Health Encyclopedia। (2000)। London: Bloomsbury Publishing।

"Abortion is the intentional removal of a fetus or an embryo from a mother's womb for purposes other than that of either producing a live birth or disposing of a dead embryo." “Abortion”। Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues since 1945 (1)। (1999)। Santa Barbara, California: Routledge।

[16] The National Center for Health Statistics defines an "abortus" as "[a] fetus or embryo removed or expelled from the uterus during the first half of gestation—20 weeks or less, or in the absence of accurate dating criteria, born weighing < 500 g." They also define "birth" as "[t]he complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a fetus after 20 weeks' gestation. ... in the absence of accurate dating criteria, fetuses weighing <500 g are usually not considered as births, but rather are termed abortuses for purposes of vital statistics." Cunningham, FG; Leveno, KJ; Bloom, SL; एवं अन्य, संपा॰ (2010). "1. Overview of Obstetrics". Williams Obstetrics (23 संस्करण). McGraw-Hill Medical. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-07-149701-5.

[17] "[T]he standard medical definition of abortion [is] termination of a pregnancy when the fetus is not viable". Annas, George J.; Elias, Sherman (2007). "51. Legal and Ethical Issues in Obstetric Practice". प्रकाशित Gabbe, Steven G.; Niebyl, Jennifer R.; Simpson, Joe Leigh (संपा॰). Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (5 संस्करण). Churchill Livingstone. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-443-06930-7.

[18] "Termination of a pregnancy, whether spontaneous or induced." Kottke, Melissa J.; Zieman, Mimi (2008). "33. Management of Abortion". प्रकाशित Rock, John A.; Jones III, Howard W. (संपा॰). TeLinde's Operative Gynecology (10 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7817-7234-1.

[19] "Termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks' gestation calculated from date of onset of last menses. An alternative definition is delivery of a fetus with a weight of less than 500 g. If abortion occurs before 12 weeks' gestation, it is called early; from 12 to 20 weeks it is called late." लुआ त्रुटि Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities में पंक्ति 60 पर: bad argument #1 to 'message.newRawMessage' (string expected, got nil)।

[20] "Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. Because popular use of the word abortion implies a deliberate pregnancy termination, some prefer the word miscarriage to refer to spontaneous fetal loss before viability ... The National Center for Health Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) define abortion as pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks' gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 g. Despite this, definitions vary widely according to state laws." Schorge, John O.; Schaffer, Joseph I.; Halvorson, Lisa M.; Hoffman, Barbara L.; Bradshaw, Karen D.; Cunningham, F. Gary, संपा॰ (2008). "6. First-Trimester Abortion". Williams Gynecology (1 संस्करण). McGraw-Hill Medical. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-07-147257-9.

[21] "The spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches a viable age." "Taber's Medical Dictionary: abortion". Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis. मूल से 15 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 जून 2011.

[22] "Expulsion from the uterus an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation or fetal weight <500g). A distinction made between [abortion] and premature birth: premature infants are those born after the stage of viability but prior to 37 weeks." Stedman's Medical Dictionary (27 संस्करण). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-683-40008-8.

[23] "[P]remature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception, either the embryo or a nonviable fetus." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (31 संस्करण). Saunders. 2007. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-4160-2364-7.

[24] "[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus". "Medical Dictionary". Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. मूल से 15 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 15 जून 2011.

[25] "Induced termination of pregnancy, involving destruction of the embryo or fetus." "abortion." The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2005. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-618-45504-1.

[26] "Interruption of pregnancy before the fetus has attained a stage of viability, usually before the 24th gestational week." "abortion." Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005. OCLC 54374716.

[27] "[A] spontaneous or deliberate ending of pregnancy before the fetus can be expected to survive." "abortion." Mosby's Emergency Dictionary. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. 1998. OCLC 37553784.^{[verification needed]}

[28] "[A] situation where a fetus leaves the uterus before it is fully developed, especially during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy, or a procedure which causes this to happen ... [T]o have an abortion to have an operation to make a fetus leave the uterus during the first period of pregnancy." ""abortion"". Dictionary of Medical Terms. London: A & C Black. 2005. OCLC 55634250.

[29] "1. Induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the fetus or embryo; therapeutic abortion. 2. Spontaneous abortion." The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (reprint संस्करण). Houghton Mifflin. 2008. पृ॰ 2. OCLC 608212441. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-618-94725-6.

[30] "Although the term abortion is generic and implies a premature termination of pregnancy for any reason, the lay public better understands the word 'miscarriage' for involuntary fetal loss or fetal wastage." The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. Parthenon Publishing. 1992. पृ॰ 3. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 1-85070-321-3.

[31] "The termination of pregnancy or premature expulsion of the products of conception by any means, usually before fetal viability." Churchill's Medical Dictionary. Churchill Livingstone. 1989. पृ॰ 3. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-443-08691-5.

[32] "1. a. The expulsion or removal from the womb of a developing embryo or fetus, spec. (Med.) in the period before it is capable of independent survival, occurring as a result either of natural causes (more fully spontaneous abortion) or of a deliberate act (more fully induced abortion); the early or premature termination of pregnancy with loss of the fetus; an instance of this." "abortion, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Third संस्करण). ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस. सितंबर 2009; online version September 2011. |date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)

[33] "[A]n operation or other procedure to terminate pregnancy before the fetus is viable" or "[T]he premature termination of pregnancy by spontaneous or induced expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus". "abortion". Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. मूल से 23 अक्तूबर 2012 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 7 अक्टूबर 2012.

[34] "[T]he removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy" or "[A]ny of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months." "abortion". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 27 जून 2011. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

[35] "[T]he termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as (a) spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation (b) induced expulsion of a human fetus (c) expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy." Merriam-Webster Dictionary Archived 2015-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, from Merriam-Webster, an एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटेनिका Company.

[36] "1. medicine the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently, deliberately induced by the use of drugs or by surgical procedures. Also called termination or induced abortion. 2. medicine the spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed to survive independently. Also called miscarriage, spontaneous abortion." Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. London: Chambers Harrap, 2001.

[37] "a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, online edition Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.

[38] "The deliberate termination of a pregnancy, usually before the embryo or fetus is capable of independent life." The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (3rd संस्करण). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 24 अक्तूबर 2013.

[39] "A term that, in philosophy, theology, and social debates, often means the deliberate termination of pregnancy before the fetus is able to survive outside the uterus. However, participants in these debates sometimes use the term abortion simply to mean the termination of pregnancy before birth, regardless of whether the fetus is viable or not." "abortion." Dictionary of World Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2001.

[40] "1. An artificially induced termination of a pregnancy for the purpose of destroying an embryo or fetus. 2. The spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or fetus before viability;" Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Black's Law Dictionary (9th संस्करण). Thomson West. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-314-19949-2. नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)

[41] "[T]he expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation)." "Abortion (pregnancy)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. मूल से 26 जून 2011 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 जून 2011.

[42] "Expulsion of the products of conception before the embryo or fetus is viable. Any interruption of human pregnancy prior to the 28th week is known as abortion." “Abortion”। The Columbia Encyclopedia। (2008)। New York: Columbia University Press।

[43] "The expulsion or removal of a fetus from the womb before it is capable of independent survival." “Abortion”। World Encyclopedia। (2008)। ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय प्रेस।

[44] "[Abortion] is commonly misunderstood outside medical circles. In general terms, the word 'abortion' simply means the failure of something to reach fulfilment or maturity. Medically, abortion means loss of the fetus, for any reason, before it is able to survive outside the womb. The term covers accidental or spontaneous ending, or miscarriage, of pregnancy as well as deliberate termination. The terms 'spontaneous abortion' and 'miscarriage' are synonymous and are defined as loss of the fetus before the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. This definition implies a legal perception of the age at which a fetus can survive out of the womb. With great advances in recent years in the ability to keep very premature babies alive, this definition is in need of revision." “Abortion and miscarriage”। The Royal Society of Medicine Health Encyclopedia। (2000)। London: Bloomsbury Publishing।

[45] "Abortion is the intentional removal of a fetus or an embryo from a mother's womb for purposes other than that of either producing a live birth or disposing of a dead embryo." “Abortion”। Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues since 1945 (1)। (1999)। Santa Barbara, California: Routledge।

[note 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]