फैरो की सूची
| यह सम्पूर्ण पृष्ठ या इसके कुछ अनुभाग हिन्दी के अतिरिक्त अन्य भाषा(ओं) में भी लिखे गए हैं। आप इनका करके विकिपीडिया की सहायता कर सकते हैं। |
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Ancient Egyptian History |
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| Dynasties of Ancient Egypt |
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Predynastic Egypt
Macedonian-Roman
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इस लेख में प्राचीन मिस्र के सभी फैरोगण की सूची है। यह मिस्र का आरंभिक राजवंश काल जो लगभग ३००० ई.पू. था, से लेकर प्टॉल्मिक राजवंश तक, जब कि मिस्र ३० ई.पू. में अगस्तर सीज़र के अधीन प्राचीन रोम का एक प्रांत बना, तब तक की है।
फैरोगणों की प्राथमिक प्राचीन सूची
संपादित करेंइस सूची का पाठ अभी अपूर्ण है:
- पालर्मो स्टोन
- तुरिन रॉयल कैनन
- मनेथो ऐजिप्टियासा
- एबाय्डॉस राजा सूची
- कर्नाक राजा सूची
- दक्षिण सक्कारा पाषाण (1923 में खोजा गया, इसमें 6 वंश हैँ)
मिथक काल
संपादित करेंआर्कैइक काल
संपादित करेंबहुत ही पुराने समयों में प्रारंभिक राजवंश काल शामिल है, जब निचले मिस्र और ऊपरी मिस्र पर दो अलग साम्राज्य थे - प्रथम और द्वितीय राजवंश।
आरंभिक राजवंश: निचला मिस्र
संपादित करेंनिचला मिस्र, जिसे काली भूमि भी कहा जाता था, उत्तरी नील और [[[नील नदी|नील]] नदीमुख-भूमि। नीचे दी गई सूची पूर्ण नहीं है:
| नाम | टिप्पणी | तिथियां |
|---|---|---|
| तिउ[1] | — | ? |
| थेश[1] | — | ? |
| ह्सेक्यु[1] | — | ? |
| वाज़नेर[1] | — | ३१०० ईसा पूर्व |
Early dynastic: Upper Egypt
संपादित करेंUpper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Scorpion I | Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia | c. 3200 BC? |
| Iry-Hor | kingship uncertain | c. 3150 BC? |
| Ka[2][3] | — | c. 3100 BC |
| King Scorpion | Potentially pronounced Serqet, but uncertain; possibly the same person as Narmer. | c. 3100 BC |
| Narmer | The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt.[4] | c. 3100 BC |
First Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe First Dynasty ruled from c.3050 BC to 2890 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Menes | Potentially the same person as Narmer, Hor-Aha, Serket II, or any combination of the three. | contingent upon identity |
| Hor-Aha | Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.[5] | c. 3050 BC |
| Djer | — | 41 years |
| Merneith | Regent for Den | — |
| Djet | — | 23 years |
| Den | — | 14 to 20.1 years |
| Anedjib | — | 10 years |
| Semerkhet | — | 9 years |
| Qa'a | — | 2916?–2890 |
Second Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Hotepsekhemwy[6] | — | 2890–? |
| Raneb[7] | — | 39 years |
| Nynetjer[8] | — | 40 years |
| Wneg[9] | — | 8 years |
| Senedj[10] | — | 20 years |
| Seth-Peribsen[11] | — | 17 years |
| Sekhemib-Perenmaat | — | |
| Khasekhem(wy)[12][13] | ?–2686 BC | 17 to 18 years |
Old Kingdom
संपादित करेंThe Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2630–2151 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".
Third Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Sanakhte | — | 2686-2668 |
| Djoser[14][15] | Had the Step Pyramid constructed by Imhotep[16] | 2668–2649 |
| Sekhemkhet[17] | — | 2649–2643 |
| Khaba | — | 2643–2637 |
| Huni[18] | — | 2637–2613 |
Fourth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).
| Nomen (Praenomen) | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Sneferu | Built the Bent Pyramid, which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body. | 2613–2589 |
| Khufu | Greek form: Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another. | 2589–2566 |
| Djedefra (Radjedef) | Believed to have created the Sphinx at Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash however this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Before being demolished by the Romans, according to a documentary aired by the History Channel, the pyramid may actually have been the highest ever built (about 20 meters taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza although this is due to its elevated location rather than the size from base to tip). | 2566–2558 |
| Khafra | Greek form: Chephren His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. | 2558–2532 |
| — | here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho | — |
| Menkaura | Greek form: Mycerinus. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. | 2532–2503 |
| Shepseskaf | – | 2503–2498 |
| Djedefptah | – | — |
| here some authorities insert Thampthis, following Manetho | – | — |
Fifth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Userkaf | — | 2498–2491 |
| Sahure | — | 2490–2477 |
| Neferirkare Kakai | — | 2477–2467 |
| Shepseskare Isi | — | 2467–2460 |
| Neferefre | — | 2460–2453 |
| Nyuserre Ini | — | 2453–2422 |
| Menkauhor Kaiu | — | 2422–2414 |
| Djedkare Isesi | — | 2414–2375 |
| Unas | — | 2375–2345 |
Sixth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Teti | — | 2345–2333 |
| Userkare | — | 2333–2332 |
| Pepi I Meryre | — | 2332–2283 |
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf I | — | 2283–2278 |
| Pepi II Neferkare | Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings. | 2278–2184 |
| Neferka | Only mentioned in the redford. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. | 2200–2199 |
| Nefer | Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to Turin Canon | 2197–2193 |
| Aba | Reigned for 4 years and 2 months. Reign dates don't follow Turin Canon. Highly unlikely. | 2193–2176 |
| Unknown king | Unknown king attested here | |
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf II[19] | Uncertain pharaoh. | 2184 |
| Neitiqerty Siptah | This king may have been confused in later years as a supposed female ruler Nitocris.[20] | 2184–2181 |
First intermediate period
संपादित करेंThe First Intermediate Period is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.
The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age.
The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.
Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, however, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.
Around 2055 BC, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.
Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)
संपादित करेंThe Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html[मृत कड़ियाँ])
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Neferkara I | - | |
| Netjerkare | - | |
| Menkare | - | |
| Neferkare II | - | |
| Neferkara Nebi | - | |
| Djedkara Shemai | - | |
| Neferkara Khendu | - | |
| Some authorities place here Merenhor | ||
| Neferkamin Seneferka | - | |
| Nikara | - | |
| Neferkara Tereru | - | |
| Neferkahor | - | |
| Neferkara Pepyseneb | - | |
| Neferkamin Anu | - | |
| Qakare Ibi | - | |
| Neferkara II | - | |
| Neferkawhor Khuwihap | - | |
| Neferirkara | - |
Ninth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I) | - | 2160– ? |
| Meribre Khety II | - | ? |
| Neferkare III | - | ? |
| Nebkaure (Acthoes II) | - | ? |
| Setut | - | ? |
| Wakhare Khety I | - | ? |
| Merykare | - | ? |
| Wankhare Khety II | - | ? |
| Menethoupe I | - | ? |
| Wankhare Khety III | - | ? |
| Khety II | - | ? |
| Khety II's daughter | - | ? |
| Merikare's daughter | - | ? –2130 |
Tenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Meryhathor | — | 2130– ? |
| Neferkare IV | — | ? |
| Wankare (Acthoes III) | — | ? |
| Merykare | — | ? |
| — Courtnie | — | ? –2040 |
Eleventh Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Mentuhotep I Tepy-a | — | |
| Sehertawy Intef I | — | 2134–2117 |
| Wahankh Intef II | — | 2117–2069 |
| Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III | — | 2069–2060 |
Middle Kingdom
संपादित करेंThe Middle Kingdom is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.
Eleventh Dynasty Continued
संपादित करेंThe second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Nebhetepre Mentuhotep II[21] | Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins. | 2060–2010 |
| Sankhkare Mentuhotep III[22] | — | 2010–1998 |
| Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV[23] | — | 1997–1991 |
Twelfth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Amenemhat I[24][25] | — | 1991–1962 |
| Senusret I[26] (Sesostris I) | — | 1971–1926 |
| Amenemhat II[27] | — | 1929–1895 |
| Senusret II[28] (Sesostris II) | — | 1897–1878 |
| Senusret III[29] (Sesostris III) | Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. | 1878–1860 |
| Amenemhat III[30] | — | 1860–1815 |
| Amenemhat IV[31] | Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso. | 1815–1807 |
| Sobekneferu[32] | A rare female ruler. | 1807–1803 |
Second intermediate period
संपादित करेंThe Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties.
The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dudimose I.
Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia
Thirteenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1803 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep or Wegaf | Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is attested by several Nile Records and Papyri. | 1803–1799 4 yrs. |
| Sekhemkare | Amenemhat V Senebef, brother of Sekhemre Khutawy. 3 Yrs. | — |
| Amenemhat | — | 1795–1792 |
| Sehetepre | — | ? –1790 |
| Iufni | — | ? |
| Seankhibre | — | ? |
| Semenkare | — | ? |
| Sehetepre | — | ? |
| Sewadjkare | — | ? |
| Nedjemibre | 7 months | ? |
| Sobekhotep I | — | ? |
| Renseneb | 4 months | c. 1775 |
| Awybre Hor I? | — | c. 1775? |
| Sedjefakare | A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. | c. 5 to 7 yrs. |
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep | Compare Wegaf | c. 1767 |
| Khendjer | Minimum 4 yrs and 3 months | c. 1765 |
| Imyremeshaw | — | ? |
| Antef V | — | ? |
| Sobekhotep III | 4 years and 2 months | c. 1755 |
| Neferhotep I | 11 years | 1751–1740 |
| Sobekhotep IV | 10 or 11 years | 1740–1730 |
| Sobekhotep V | — | c. 1730 |
| Wahibre Ibiau | 10 years & 8 months | c. 1725–1714 |
| Merneferre Ay | 23 years & 8 months | c. 1714–1691 |
| Merhotepre Ini | 2 years & 2 months | ? |
| Sankhenre Sewadjtu | — | ? |
| Mersekhemre Ini | — | ? |
| Sewadjkare Hori | — | ? |
The position of the following kings is uncertain:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Dudimose I | — | c. 1654 |
| Dudimose II | — | ? |
| Senebmiu | — | ? |
| Mentuhotep V | — | ? |
| Senaaib | — | ? |
Fourteenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris), that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Nehesy | - | c. 1705 |
| Khakherewre ? | - | ? |
| Nebefawre | - | c. 1704 |
| Sehebre ? | - | ? |
| Merdjefare | - | c. 1699 |
| Sewadjkare ? | - | ? |
| Nebdjefare | - | c. 1694 |
| Webenre ? | - | ? |
| ? | - | ? |
| —djefare ? | - | ? |
| —webenre | - | c. 1690 |
The position of the following kings is uncertain:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Sheshi[33] | — | |
| Yakubher[33] | — | ? |
The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.
Fifteenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Salitis | ||
| Sakir-Har | - | ? |
| Khyan | - | 30-40 Years |
| Apepi | - | 40 Years or more |
| Khamudi | - | ? -1535 |
Sixteenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Sixteenth Dynasty was a local native kingdom from Thebes who ruled Egypt for between 80 and 100 years, according to Kim Ryholt.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| - | name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered | - |
| Djehuti (Sekhemresementawy) | – | 3 yrs |
| Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemreseusertawy) | – | 16 yrs |
| Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) | – | 1 yr |
| Mentuhotep VI (Sankhenre) | – | 1 yr |
| Nebiriau I (Sewadjenre) | – | 26 yrs |
| Nebiriau II | – | |
| Semenre | – | |
| Bebiankh (Seuserenre) | – | 12 yrs |
| (Sekhemre Shedwast) | – | |
| - | The names of five kings are lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered. Their identity is uncertain | - |
Some sources include as many as six more names –
Seventeenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhau | - | 1650- ? |
| Sobekemsaf I Sekhemreshedtawy | - | 3 years |
| Intef VI Sekhemrewepmaat | - | - |
| Intef VII Nebkheperre | - | |
| Intef VIII Sekhemreheruhirmaat | - | - |
| Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhau | - | - |
| Tao I the Elder (ie: Senakhtenre) | - | c. 1558 |
| Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre) | - | c. 1558-1554 |
| Kamose | - | 1554-1549 |
New Kingdom
संपादित करेंThe New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.
Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.
Eighteenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from 1550 to 1295 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Ahmose I, Ahmosis I | Successor to Kamose, above. | 1550-1525 |
| Amenhotep I | - | 1525-1504 |
| Thutmose I | - | 1504-1492 |
| Thutmose II | - | 1492-1479 |
| Thutmose III | Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the Levant. | 1479-1425 |
| Hatshepsut | The second known female ruler, though quite possibly the seventh (the reigns of five other women are likely, but disputed). Recent evidence suggests she died of bone cancer[34]. | 1473-1458 |
| Amenhotep II | - | 1425-1400 |
| Thutmose IV | - | 1400-1390 |
| Amenhotep III The Magnificent King | His name means Lord of the truth is Ra. He ruled Egypt at the peak of her glory, his mortuary temple was the largest ever built, but was destroyed by Rameses II to build his own temple. Thought to be the grandfather of Tutankhamun | 1390-1352 |
| Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten | Founder of brief period of a solar-centered religion (Atenism) His original name means "Amun is pleased." | 1352-1334 |
| Smenkhkare | Co-regent and successor of Akhenaten. The identity of this individual is uncertain and disputed. Usually believed to be either a son or son-in-law of Akhenaten but sometimes identified as Akhenaten's wife Nefertiti. Other scholars distinguish two individuals between Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, namely Smenkhkare, who is then seen as male, and a female ruler, who is then most often identified as Akhenaten's eldest daughter Meritaten | 1334-1333 |
| Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun | Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the polytheistic religion and the name change reflects the change in primary deity from Aten to Amun. | 1333-1324 |
| Ay | - | 1324-1320 |
| Horemheb | Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye). | 1320-1292 |
Nineteenth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: रामेसेस द्वितीय the Great:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Ramesses I[35] | - | 1292-1290 |
| Seti I[36] | - | 1290-1279 |
| रामेसेस द्वितीय the Great[37] | The ruler usually associated with Moses; he reached a stalemate with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which a peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. | 1279-1213 |
| Merneptah[38] | A stele describing his campaigns in Libya and Canaan contains the first known reference to the Israelites. | 1213-1203 |
| Amenemses | - | 1203-1200 |
| Seti II[39] | - | 1203-1197 |
| Merneptah Siptah[40] | - | 1197-1191 |
| Tausret | A rare female ruler also known as Tawosret in some places, she was probably the wife of Seti II.[41] | 1191-1190 |
Twentieth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1185 to 1069 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Setnakhte | - | 1190-1186 |
| Ramesses III | Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. | 1186-1155 |
| Ramesses IV | - | 1155-1149 |
| Ramesses V | - | 1149-1145 |
| Ramesses VI | - | 1145-1137 |
| Ramesses VII | - | 1137-1130 |
| Ramesses VIII | - | 1130-1129 |
| Ramesses IX | - | 1129-1111 |
| Ramesses X[42] | - | 1111-1107 |
| Ramesses XI[43] | Ended rule sharing power with High Priest of Amun Herihor ruling in the south and Smendes I ruling in the north, a period known as wehem mesut.[44] | 1107-1077 |
Third intermediate period
संपादित करेंThe Third Intermediate Period marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.
Twenty-first Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twenty-first Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 945 BC
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Nesbanebdjed I[45] | Also known as Smendes I | 1077-1051 |
| Amenemnisu | - | 1051-1047 |
| Psusennes I | - | 1047-1001 |
| Amenemope | - | 1001-992 |
| Osorkon the Elder | - * (Osochor) | 992-986 |
| Siamun | - | 986-967 |
| Psusennes II | - | 967-943 |
Twenty-second Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 945 to 720 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Shoshenq I | Commonly believed to be the biblical Shishaq | 943-922 |
| Osorkon I | - | 922-887 |
| Shoshenq II | - | 887-885 |
| Takelot I | - | 885-872 |
| Harsiese | A rebel, at Thebes | 880-860 |
| Osorkon II | - | 872-837 |
| Shoshenq III | - | 837-798 |
| Shoshenq IV | - | 798-785 |
| Pami | - | 785-778 |
| Shoshenq V | - | 778-740 |
| Osorkon IV | - | 740-720 |
Twenty-third Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twenty-third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 836 to c.735 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Takelot II | Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd | 837-813 |
| Pedubast | A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II | 826-801 |
| Iuput I | - | 812-811 |
| Shoshenq VI | Successor to Pedubast | 801-795 |
| Osorkon III | Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king | 795-767 |
| Takelot III | - | 773-765 |
| Rudamun | - | 765-762 |
The Libu
संपादित करेंNot reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Inamunnifnebu | - | 805-795 |
| ? | - | 795-780 |
| Niumateped | - | 780-755 |
| Titaru | - | 763-755 |
| Ker | - | 755-750 |
| Rudamon | - | 750-745 |
| Ankhor | - | 745-736 |
| Tefnakht | - | 736-732 |
Twenty-fourth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Tefnakhte | - | 732-725 |
| Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) | - | 725-720 |
Late period
संपादित करेंThe Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.
Twenty-fifth Dynasty
संपादित करेंNubians invaded Egypt in 732 BC and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Piye | King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years | 752-721 |
| Shabaka | - | 721-707 |
| Shebitku | Synchronism with Sargon II of Assyria establishes his accession date at 707/706 BC | 707-690 |
| Taharqa | - | 690-664 |
| Tantamani | lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year. | 664-653 |
They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).
Twenty-sixth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.[46]
| Name | Comment | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Necho I | - | 672 – 664 BC |
| Psamtik I | - | 664 – 610 BC |
| Necho II | - | 610 – 595 BC |
| Psamtik II | - | 595 – 589 BC |
| Wahibre | - | 589 – 570 BC |
| Ahmose II | - | 570 – 526 BC |
| Psamtik III | - | 526 – 525 BC |
Twenty-seventh Dynasty
संपादित करेंEgypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Cambyses II | - | 525 – 521 BC |
| Smerdis the Usurper | - | 522 – 521 BC |
| Darius I the Great | - | 521 – 486 BC |
| Xerxes I the Great | - | 486 – 465 BC |
| Artabanus the Hyrcanian | - | 465 – 464 BC |
| Artaxerxes I Longhand | - | 464 – 424 BC |
| Xerxes II | claimant | 424 – 423 BC |
| Sogdianus | claimant | 424 – 423 BC |
| Darius II | 424 – 404 BC |
Twenty-eighth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Amyrtaeus | Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians | 404 – 398 BC |
Twenty-ninth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Nefaarud I | Also known as Nepherites | 398 – 393 BC |
| Psammuthes | - | 393 BC |
| Hakor (Achoris) | - | 393 – 380 BC |
| Nefaarud II | - | 380 BC |
Thirtieth Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Nectanebo I | Also known as Nekhtnebef | 380 – 362 BC |
| Teos of Egypt | - | 362 – 360 BC |
| Nectanebo II | - | 360 – 343 BC |
Thirty-first Dynasty
संपादित करेंEgypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Artaxerxes III | Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time | 343–338 BC |
| Artaxerxes IV Arses | Only reigned in Lower Egypt | 338–336 BC |
| Khababash | Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt | 338–335 BC |
| Darius III Codomannus | Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC | 336–332 BC |
Argead Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Alexander III the Great | Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt | 332–323 BC |
| Philip III Arrhidaeus | Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great | 323–317 BC |
| Alexander IV of Macedon | Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana | 317–309 BC |
Ptolemaic Dynasty
संपादित करेंThe second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency):
| Name | Comments | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Ptolemy I Soter | Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC | 305–285 BC |
| Berenice I | Wife of Ptolemy I | ?-285 BC |
| Ptolemy II Philadelphos | - | 288–246 BC |
| Arsinoe I | Wife of Ptolemy II | 284/81-ca. 274 BC |
| Arsinoe II | Wife of Ptolemy II | 277-270 BC |
| Ptolemy III Euergetes I | - | 246–222 BC |
| Berenice II | Wife of Ptolemy III | 244/3-222 BC |
| Ptolemy IV Philopator | - | 222–204 BC |
| Arsinoe III | Wife of Ptolemy IV | 220-204 BC |
| Hugronaphor | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | 205-199 BC |
| Ankhmakis | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | 199-185 BC |
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes | Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC | 204–180 BC |
| Cleopatra I | Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority | 193-176 BC |
| Ptolemy VI Philometor | Died 145 BC | 180–164 BC |
| Cleopatra II | Wife of Ptolemy VI | 173-164 BC |
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC | 171–163 BC |
| Ptolemy VI Philometor | Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC | 163-145 BC |
| Cleopatra II | Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. | 163-127 BC |
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator | Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II | 145-144 BC |
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | Restored | 145-131 BC |
| Cleopatra III | Second wife of Ptolemy VIII | 142-131 BC |
| Ptolemy Memphitis | Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII | 131 BC |
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II | Restored | 127-116 BC |
| Cleopatra III | Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. | 127-107 BC |
| Cleopatra II | Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. | 124-116 BC |
| Ptolemy IX Soter II | Died 80 BC | 116–110 BC |
| Cleopatra IV | Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III | 116-115 BC |
| Ptolemy X Alexander I | Died 88 BC | 110–109 BC |
| Ptolemy IX Soter II | Restored | 109–107 BC |
| Ptolemy X Alexander I | Restored | 107–88 BC |
| Ptolemy IX Soter II | Restored again | 88–81 BC |
| Berenice III | Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later | 81-80 BC |
| Ptolemy XI Alexander II | Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III | 80 BC |
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) | Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC | 80–58 BC |
| Cleopatra V Tryphaena | Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV | ?-57 BC |
| Cleopatra VI | Daughter of Ptolemy XII | ?-58 BC |
| Berenice IV | Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled | 58–55 BC |
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos | Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death | 55–51 BC |
| Cleopatra VII | Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra | 51–30 BC |
| Ptolemy XIII | Brother of Cleopatra VII | 51–47 BC |
| Arsinoe IV | In opposition to Cleopatra VII | 48-47 BC |
| Ptolemy XIV | Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII | 47–44 BC |
| Ptolemy XV Caesarion | Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra | 44–30 BC |
रोम
संपादित करेंCleopatra VII had an affair with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar, and Roman General Marc Antony, but it was not until after her suicide in 30 BC (after Marc Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be the emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. One Egyptian king-list lists the Roman Emperors as Pharaohs up to and including Decius. See the list of Roman emperors.
Fictional Pharaohs
संपादित करेंImaginative authors have created fictitious monarchs of ancient Egypt, including:
- Akmen-Ra in the book and movie Night at the Museum.
- Aneh-Tet, a fictional Egyptian queen featured in the film Legion of the Dead.
- Kih-Oskh, in Cigars of the Pharaoh, part of The Adventures of Tintin.
- Neb-Maat and Rama-Tut, in Marvel Comics.
- Rubatitti, the fictional founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt (the real founder being Sneferu) featured in the horror spoof Carry On Screaming!.
- Upshe and Hammon-Ra, both from the animated series Count Duckula.
देखें
संपादित करेंटिप्पणी
संपादित करें- ↑ अ आ इ ई Breasted (1909) p.36
- ↑ Rice (1999) p.86
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp.57f.
- ↑ Shaw (2000) p.196
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp70-71
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp. 83-84
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) p. 84
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) p. 79
- ↑ Wilkinson (1999) pp 87-88
- ↑ Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, The Book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press 2003, p.27
- ↑ [1] Archived 2009-01-07 at the वेबैक मशीन Seth-Peribsen
- ↑ [2] Archived 2006-09-01 at the वेबैक मशीन King Khasekhem
- ↑ [3] Archived 2009-02-12 at the वेबैक मशीन King Khasekhemwy
- ↑ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95
- ↑ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
- ↑ Verner (2001)
- ↑ Clayton (1994) p.32
- ↑ Clayton (1994) p.42
- ↑ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73
- ↑ Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100.
- ↑ Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 19 (1963), p. 16-52
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23-25
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25-26
- ↑ [4] Archived 2013-01-05 at the वेबैक मशीन Amenemhat I
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp.28-35
- ↑ Murnane (1977) p.2
- ↑ Murnane (1977) p.7
- ↑ Murnane (1977) p.9
- ↑ Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251
- ↑ Grajetzki (2006) pp.56-61
- ↑ "Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BCE)". Digital Egypt for Universities. मूल से 21 मई 2008 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अप्रैल 2009.
- ↑ Grajetzk (2006) pp.61-63
- ↑ अ आ "Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period". मूल से 3 मई 2008 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अप्रैल 2009.
- ↑ "Tooth clinches identification of Egyptian queen". मूल से 21 मई 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अप्रैल 2009.
- ↑ "Ramesses I Menpehtire". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. मूल से 11 अप्रैल 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-09-29.
- ↑ "Sety I Menmaatre". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. मूल से 29 अक्तूबर 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-09-29.
- ↑ "King Ramesses II". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. मूल से 28 अप्रैल 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-09-29.
- ↑ "King Merenptah". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. मूल से 10 जुलाई 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-09-29.
- ↑ "Sety II". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. मूल से 11 अप्रैल 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. मूल से 11 अप्रैल 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "Tausret". मूल से 3 जनवरी 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अप्रैल 2009.
- ↑ Grimal (1992) p.291
- ↑ "Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah". मूल से 17 सितंबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-10-28.
- ↑ Shaw (ed), Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. पृ॰ 309.सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू पाठ: authors list (link)
- ↑ Cerny p.645
- ↑ "Late Period Kings". मूल से 2 अप्रैल 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-10-27.
सन्दर्भ
संपादित करें- J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909
- J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4
- Clayton, Peter A. (1994) Chronicle of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt Thames and Hudson, New York, ISBN 0-500-05074-0
- Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
- Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.
- Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992)
- Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977
- Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
- Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127
- Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt., Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1
- Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8
बाहरी कड़ियाँ
संपादित करें- Egyptian Royal Genealogy
- Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
- Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods" Page with different versions of god king lists
- Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
- Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
- Digital Egypt for Universities
- Ancient Egyptian papyrus collection and stories behind each scene, Egyptian museum masterpieces reproductions