विकिपीडिया

भूख

भूख उस समय अनुभव होती है, जब खाना खाने की इच्छा होती है। परितृप्ति भूख का अभाव है। भूख की अनुभूति हाइपोथैल्मस से शुरु होती है जब यह हार्मोन छोड़ता है। यह हार्मोन यकृत के अभिग्राहक पर प्रतिक्रिया करती है। हालांकि एक सामान्य वयक्ति बिना भोजन के कई सप्ताहों तक जिंदा रह सकता है।[1] भूख की अनुभूति भोजन के कुछ घंटों बाद शुरू हो जाती है और व्यक्ति असहज महसूस करने लगता है। भूख शब्द का इस्तेमाल व्यक्ति के सामाजिक स्तर को बताने के लिए किया जाता है।

कुपोषण, अकाल, भूखमरी

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  • कुपोषण शब्द का प्रयोग अपर्याप्त आहार या पोषण को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
  • अकाल भोजन की व्यापक कमी की स्थिति है। किसी खास क्षेत्र में व्यापक कुपोषण, भूखमरी की स्थिति.
  • भूखमरी भूख से शरीर के जर्जर और खोखला होने की स्थिति है। यह मृत्यु से पहले की दशा है।

भूख का दंश

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जब अमाशय में मरोड़ देने लगता है। भूख का मरोड़ अक्सर भोजन के बारह से चौबीस घंटे के पहले शुरू नहीं होता है। भूख का एक मरोड करीब 30 सेकेंड तक रहता है। और यह लगाता 30–45 मिनटों तक होता रहा है। इसके बाद भूख 30-150 मिनटों तक कम हो जाता है

जैविकीय प्रक्रिया

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लेप्टिन और घ्रेलिन हार्मोन के स्तर में उतार-चढ़ाव से जीव को भोजन का सेवन करने की प्रेरणा मिलती है। जब कोई जीव खाता है, तो एडिपोसाइट्स शरीर में लेप्टिन की रिहाई को ट्रिगर करता है। लेप्टिन के बढ़ते स्तर के परिणामस्वरूप खाने के लिए प्रेरणा कम हो जाती है।[2]घंटों तक सेवन न करने के बाद, लेप्टिन का स्तर काफी कम हो जाता है। लेप्टिन के निम्न स्तर माध्यमिक हार्मोन, ग्रेलिन की रिहाई का कारण बनते हैं, जो बदले में भूख की भावना को फिर से शुरू करते हैं।

कुछ अध्ययनों ने सुझाव दिया है कि घ्रेलिन का बढ़ा हुआ उत्पादन भोजन की दृष्टि से उत्पन्न भूख को बढ़ा सकता है, जबकि तनाव में वृद्धि हार्मोन के उत्पादन को भी प्रभावित कर सकती है।[3] ये निष्कर्ष यह समझाने में मदद कर सकते हैं कि तनावपूर्ण स्थितियों में भी भूख क्यों बनी रह सकती है।

व्यावहारिक प्रतिक्रिया

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Hunger appears to increase activity and movement in many animals - for example, an experiment on spiders showed increased activity and predation in starved spiders, resulting in larger weight gain.[4] This pattern is seen in many animals, including humans while sleeping.[5] It even occurs in rats with their cerebral cortex or stomachs completely removed.[6] Increased activity on hamster wheels occurred when rats were deprived not only of food, but also water or B vitamins such as thiamine.[7] This response may increase the animal's chance of finding food, though it has also been speculated the reaction relieves pressure on the home population.[5]

भूख की सांख्यिकी

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मुख्य लेख: Malnutrition

On June 19, 2009, it was reported that world hunger hit one billion people,[8] about a sixth of the world's total population.

There were 923 million hungry people in the world in 2007, an increase of 80 million since 1990.[9] The world already produces enough food to feed everyone - 6 billion people - and could feed the double - 12 billion people.[10]

Year 1970 1980 1990 2005 2007
Share of hungry people in the developing world[11][12] 37 % 28 % 20 % 16 % 17 %

भूख से मौत

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  • हर सेकेंड भूख से एक व्यक्ति की मौत हो जाती है। यानी हर घंटे 3600 लोगों की मौत भूख से होती है। यानी 86400 लोगों की मौत भूख से होती है। यानी हर साल 3,15,3600 लोगों की मौत भूख से होती है। यानी 58 प्रतिशत मौते भूख की वजह से होती है।[13][14][15]
  • On the average, a child under five dies every 5 seconds as a result of starvation - 700 every hour - 16,000 each day - 6,000,000 each year - 60% of all child deaths (2002-2008 estimates).[16][17][18][19][20]

संयुक्त राष्ट्र में भूख

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The Meals On Wheels Association of America Foundation (MOWAAF) has found that hunger is a serious threat facing millions of seniors in the United States, and that understanding the problem is a critical first step to developing remedies. In 2007, MOWAAF, underwritten by the Harrah's Foundation, commissioned a research study entitled The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America.[21] The report was released at a hearing of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging in March 2008 in Washington, D.C.

The study found that in the United States, over 5 million seniors, (11.4% of all seniors), experience some form of food insecurity (i.e., were marginally food insecure). Of these, about 2.5 million are at-risk of hunger, and about 750,000 suffer from hunger due to financial constraints. Some groups of seniors are more likely to be at-risk of hunger. Relative to their representation in the overall senior population, those with limited incomes, under age 70, African American, Hispanic, never-married, renters, and seniors living in the Southern United States are all more likely to be at-risk of hunger. While certain groups of seniors are at greater-risk of hunger, hunger cuts across the income spectrum. For example, over 50% of all seniors who are at-risk of hunger have incomes above the poverty threshold. Likewise, it is present in all demographic groups. For example, over two-thirds of seniors at-risk of hunger are Caucasian. There are marked differences in the risk of hunger across family structure, especially for those seniors living alone, or those living with a grandchild. Those living alone are twice as likely to experience hunger compared to married seniors. One in five senior households with a grandchild (but no adult child) present is at-risk of hunger, compared to about one in twenty households without a grandchild present. Seniors living in non-metropolitan areas are as likely to experience food insecurity as those living in metropolitan areas, suggesting that food insecurity cuts across the urban-rural continuum.[22]

भूख जैसा

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A food craving is an intense desire to consume a specific food, as opposed to general hunger. Similarly, thirst is the craving for fluids. Withdrawal craving is a "hunger" for administering addictive drugs.

इन्हें भी देखिए

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विकिविश्वविद्यालय में भूख पर पाठ्य सामग्री उपलब्ध है:

संगठन

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सन्दर्भ

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  1. ↑ "How long can someone survive without water?". मूल से 24 फ़रवरी 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-05-14.
  2. ↑ OMIM - LEPTIN; LEP
  3. ↑ Malik, S; McGlone F, Bedrossian D, Dagher A (2007). Cell Metabolism. 7: 400–9. PMID 18460331. गायब अथवा खाली |title= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Provencher, L. & Riechert, S. E. (1991) Short-Term Effects of Hunger Conditioning on Spider Behavior, Predation, and Gain of Weight Oikos 62:160-166
  5. ↑ अ आ Wald, G.; Jackson, B. (1944) Activity and Nutritional Deprivation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 30:255-263
  6. ↑ "George Wald: The Origin of Death". http://www.elijahwald.com/origin.html. अभिगमन तिथि: 2007-05-14. 
  7. ↑ Guerrant, N.B., Dutcher, R.A. (1940) Journal of Nutrition 20:589.
  8. ↑ "संग्रहीत प्रति". मूल से 22 जून 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 14 अक्तूबर 2009.
  9. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन Economic and Social Development Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities” Archived 2018-06-13 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2008, p. 2. “FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.”.
  10. ↑ Jean Ziegler. “Promotion And Protection Of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Including The Right To Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler” Archived 2010-08-06 at the वेबैक मशीन. Human Rights Council of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, January10, 2008.“According to the संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र (FAO), the world already produces enough food to feed every child, woman and man and could feed 12 billion people, or double the current world population.”
  11. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन Agricultural and Development Economics Division. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2006 : Eradicating world hunger – taking stock ten years after the World Food Summit” Archived 2018-06-10 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2006, p. 8. “Because of population growth, the very small decrease in the number of hungry people has nevertheless resulted in a reduction in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing countries by 3 percentage points – from 20 percent in 1990–92 to 17 percent in 2001–03. (…) the prevalence of undernourishment declined by 9 percent (from 37 percent to 28 percent) between 1969–71 and 1979–81 and by a further 8 percentage points (to 20 percent) between 1979–81 and 1990–92.”.
  12. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन Economic and Social Development Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities” Archived 2018-06-13 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2008, p. 6. “Good progress in reducing the share of hungry people in the developing world had been achieved – down from almost 20 percent in 1990–92 to less than 18 percent in 1995–97 and just above 16 percent in 2003–05. The estimates show that rising food prices have thrown that progress into reverse, with the proportion of undernourished people worldwide moving back towards 17 percent.”.
  13. ↑ Jean Ziegler. “The Right to Food: Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Mr. Jean Ziegler, Submitted in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/10” Archived 2009-04-24 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र, February 7, 2001, p. 5. “On average, 62 million people die each year, of whom probably 36 million (58 per cent) directly or indirectly as a result of nutritional deficiencies, infections, epidemics or diseases which attack the body when its resistance and immunity have been weakened by undernourishment and hunger.”.
  14. ↑ Commission on Human Rights. “The right to food : Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/25” Archived 2010-07-03 at the वेबैक मशीन. Office Of The High Commissioner For Human Rights, संयुक्त राष्ट्र, April 22, 2002, p. 2. “every year 36 million people die, directly or indirectly, as a result of hunger and nutritional deficiencies, most of them women and children, particularly in developing countries, in a world that already produces enough food to feed the whole global population”.
  15. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र Information Service. “Independent Expert On Effects Of Structural Adjustment, Special Rapporteur On Right To Food Present Reports: Commission Continues General Debate On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights” Archived 2009-03-27 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र, March 29, 2004, p. 6. “Around 36 million people died from hunger directly or indirectly every year.”.
  16. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन Staff. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2002: Food Insecurity : when People Live with Hunger and Fear Starvation” Archived 2017-10-15 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2002, p. 6. “6 million children under the age of five, die each year as a result of hunger.”
  17. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र Economic and Social Dept. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004: Monitoring Progress Towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals” Archived 2010-08-28 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2004, p. 8. “Undernourishment and deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals cost more than 5 million children their lives every year”.
  18. ↑ Jacques Diouf. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2004: Monitoring Progress Towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals” Archived 2010-08-28 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2004, p. 4. “one child dies every five seconds as a result of hunger and malnutrition”.
  19. ↑ संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन, Economic and Social Dept. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005: Eradicating World Hunger - Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals” Archived 2010-11-04 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन of the संयुक्त राष्ट्र, 2005, p. 18. “Hunger and malnutrition are the underlying cause of more than half of all child deaths, killing nearly 6 million children each year – a figure that is roughly equivalent to the entire preschool population of Japan. Relatively few of these children die of starvation. The vast majority are killed by neonatal disorders and a handful of treatable infectious diseases, including diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and measles. Most would not die if their bodies and immune systems had not been weakened by hunger and malnutrition moderately to severely underweight, the risk of death is five to eight times higher.”.
  20. ↑ Human Rights Council. “Resolution 7/14. The right to food” Archived 2011-05-01 at the वेबैक मशीन. संयुक्त राष्ट्र, March 27, 2008, p. 3. “6 million children still die every year from hunger-related illness before their fifth birthday”.
  21. ↑ Ziliak, Gundersen and Haist. (2007) The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America Archived 2008-12-06 at the वेबैक मशीन, University of Kentucky Center for Poverty and Research, Lexington, KY. (88pages. 2MB.)
  22. ↑ Excerpt from "The Causes, Consequences and Future of Senior Hunger in America", Executive Summary, pp.i-ii

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