"रासायनिक साम्य": अवतरणों में अंतर
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पंक्ति 1:
किसी [[रासायनिक अभिक्रिया]] के सन्दर्भ में '''रासायनिक साम्य''' (chemical equilibrium) उस अवस्था को कहते हैं जिसमें अभिकारकों एवं उत्पादों के सांद्रण में समय के साथ कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता। प्रायः यह अवस्था तब आती है जब अग्र क्रिया (forward reaction) की गति पश्चक्रिया (reverse reaction) की गति के समान हो जाती है। ध्यान देने योग्य बात यह है कि अग्रक्रिया एवं पश्च क्रिया के वेग इस अव्स्था में शून्य नहीं होते बल्कि समान होते हैं।
== इन्हें भी देखें ==
* [[रासायनिक गतिकी]]
* [[यांत्रिक संतुलन]]
== बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* [http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chemeq/ All about chemical equilibrium]
* [http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/ Thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium]
* [http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chemeq/]
=== कंप्यूटर प्रोग्राम ===
There are ''n'' mass-balance equations in ''n'' unknown free concentrations. This constitutes a set of non-linear equations that must be solved by a method of successive approximations. The most commonly-used method is the [[Newton-Raphson]] method, which has been the subject of numerous publications. Some general computer programs are listed here.
* [http://www.plantmineralnutrition.net/Geochem/geochem%20home.htm Geochem-EZ]- (freeware) a multi-purpose chemical speciation program, used in plant nutrition and in soil and environmental chemistry research to perform equilibrium speciation computations, allowing the user to estimate solution ion activities and to consider simple complexes and solid phases.
* [http://www.hyperquad.co.uk/hyss.htm HySS] Titration simulation and speciation calculations.
* [http://www.mathtrek.com EQS4WIN] A powerful computer program originally developed for gas-phase equilibria but subsequently extended to general applications. Uses the Gibbs energy minimization approach.
* [http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/surf/Researchgroups/sensors_and_analytic/chemeql.html CHEMEQL] A comprehensive computer program for the calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium concentrations of species in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Many geochemical applications.
* [http://www.chem.umu.se/dep/inorgchem/samarbeta/WinSGW_eng.stm WinSGW] A Windows version of the SOLGASWATER computer program.
* [http://www.lwr.kth.se/English/OurSoftware/vminteq Visual MINTEQ] A Windows version of MINTEQA2 (ver 4.0). [http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/mmedia/minteq/index.htm MINTEQA2] is a chemical equilibrium model for the calculation of metal speciation, solubility equilibria etc. for natural waters.
* [http://www.mineql.com MINEQL+] A chemical equilibrium modeling system for aqueous systems. Handles a wide range of pH, redox, solubility and sorption scenarios.
=== सॉफ्टवेयर ===
* [http://www.aquasolsoft.com/ Aqua solution software] (Sukhno Igor, Buzko Vladimir, Polushin Alexey) A set of six computer programs for
* Specific Interaction Theory. An editable database of published SIT parameters. Estimation of SIT parameters and adjustment of stability constants for changes in ionic strength.
* Calculation of electrolyte activity coefficients, ionic activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients
* Calculation of acid-base equilibria in electrolyte solutions and sea water
* Calculation of O<sub>2</sub> solubility in water, electrolyte solutions, natural fluids, and seawater as a function of temperature, concentration, salinity, altitude, external pressure, humidity
* Prediction of temperature dependence of lg K values using various thermodynamic models
* [http://jess.murdoch.edu.au/jess/jess_home.htm JESS]:A powerful research tool for thermodynamic and kinetic modelling of chemical speciation in complex aqueous environments, with a focus on determining thermodynamic consistency by automatic means.
* [http://www.changbioscience.com/biochem/keq.html Chemical Equilibrium Calculator]
* [http://digipac.ca/chemical/mtom Mission to Mars – A chemistry tutorial for high school students]
[[श्रेणी:रासायनिक साम्य]]
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