"मनोविज्ञान की समयरेखा": अवतरणों में अंतर

{{अनुवाद}}

 

* 1550 ईसा पूर्व - एबर्स पेपीरस (Ebers papyrus) में संक्षेप में [[चिकित्सकीय अवसाद]] (clinical depression) का उल्लेख

* ca 100 BC - the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] noted the division of human nature into two temperaments.

* 705 - The first [[psychiatric hospital]]s and insane asylums were set up by [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physicians]] in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]].<ref name=Syed>[[Ibrahim B. Syed]] PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]</ref>

* ca 750 - Psychiatric hospitals were introduced to [[Fes]], [[Morocco]].<ref name=Syed/>

* ca 900 - The concepts of [[mental health]] or "mental hygiene" were introduced by [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]]. He also recognized that illnesses can have both psychological and/or physiological causes.<ref name=Talib>Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' '''4''' (2), p. 76-79.</ref>

* ca 900 - A form of [[psychotherapy]] was developed by [[al-Razi]] (Rhazes), who was at one time the chief physician of the [[Baghdad]] hospital.<ref name=Syed/> He first recognized the concept of "psychotherapy" and referred to it as ''al-‘ilaj al-[[nafs]]''.<ref>{{Citation |first=Amber |last=Haque |year=2004 |title=Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=357–377 [376] |doi=10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z}}</ref>

* 1025 - In ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', [[Avicenna]] recognized '[[physiological psychology]]' in the treatment of illnesses involving [[emotion]]s, and developed a system for associating changes in the [[pulse]] rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the [[word association]] test.<ref name=Syed-7>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].</ref> He also described a number of [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] conditions, including [[hallucination]], [[insomnia]], [[mania]], [[nightmare]], [[melancholia]], [[dementia]], [[epilepsy]], [[paralysis]], [[stroke]], [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] and [[tremor]].<ref>S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", ''Neurosurgical Focus'' '''23''' (1), E13, p. 3.</ref>

* ca 1030 - [[Al-Biruni]] employed an [[experiment]]al method in examining the concept of [[reaction time]].<ref>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" ([[cf.]] [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm])</ref>

* ca 1150 - [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) gave the first accurate descriptions on certain [[neurological]] disorders such as [[meningitis]], intracranial [[thrombophlebitis]], and [[mediastinal germ cell tumor]]s.<ref name=Araguz>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref>

* ca 1150 - [[Averroes]] suggested the existence of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name=Araguz/>

* 1590 - Scholastic philosopher [[Rudolph Goclenius]] used the term ''psychology''. Though often regarded as the "origin" of the term, there is conclusive evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by [[Marko Marulić]].

* 1672 - in [[Thomas Willis]]' anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum", psychology was described in terms of brain function.

 

* 1844 - [[Søren Kierkegaard]] published ''[[The Concept of Anxiety]]'', the first exposition on [[anxiety]].

* 1849 - Søren Kierkegaard published ''[[The Sickness Unto Death]]''

 

* 1860 - [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]] wrote ''Elements of Psychophysics'', establishing the subject of [[psychophysics]].

* 1861 - [[Paul Broca]] discovered an area in the left [[cerebral hemisphere]] that is important for speech production (now known as [[Broca's area]]), marking the start of [[neuropsychology]].

 

* 1874 - [[Wilhelm Wundt]] published his ''[[Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie]]'' (''Principles of Physiological Psychology''), the first textbook of experimental psychology.

* [[ca. 1875]] - [[William James]] opened the first experimental psychology laboratory in the United States, though it was intended for classroom demonstration rather than original research.

* 1879 - Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Leipzig]] in Germany.

 

* 1883 - [[G. Stanley Hall]] opened the first American experimental psychology research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.

* 1885 - [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]] published ''Über das Gedächtnis'', a groundbreaking work where Ebbinghaus describes experiments on himself.

* 1889 - [[Edmund Clark Sanford]], a former student of [[G. Stanley Hall]], founded the United States' 6th experimental psychology laboratory at Clark University.

* 1889 - William Noyes founded the United States' 7th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[McLean Asylum]] in Waverley, Mass.

 

* 1890 - [[William James]] published ''[[Principles of Psychology]]''.

* 1890 - [[James Hayden Tufts]] founded the United States' 9th experimental psychology laboratory at the [[University of Michigan]].

* 1898 - [[Boris Sidis]] publishes ''The Psychology of Suggestion: A Research into the Subconscious Nature of Man and Society''.

 

* 1900 - [[Sigmund Freud]] published 'Interpretation of Dreams' marking the beginning of [[Psychoanalytic]] Thought.

* 1903 - [[John B. Watson]] graduated from the University of Chicago. His dissertation on rat behavior has been described as a "classic of developmental psychobiology" by historian of psychology, [[Donald Dewsbury]].

* 1909 - [[Sigmund Freud]] lectured at [[Clark University]].

 

* 1910 - [[Boris Sidis]] opens the Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute (a private hospital) at Maplewood Farms in Portsmouth, NH for the treatment of nervous patients using the latest scientific methods.

* 1911 - [[Alfred Adler]] left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood.

* 1912 - [[Max Wertheimer]] published ''Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement'', considered the founding article of [[Gestalt psychology]]

* 1913 - [[Jacob L. Moreno]] applied [[Group therapy|Group Psychotherapy]] methods in Vienna. His new methods, which emphasised spontaneity and interaction, later became known as [[Psychodrama]] and [[Sociometry]].

* 1913 - [[John B. Watson]] published ''[[Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It]]'', sometimes known as "The Behaviorist Manifesto".

* 1914 - [[Boris Sidis]] publishes ''The Foundations of Normal and Abnormal Psychology'' where he provides the scientific foundation for the field of psychology, and details his theory of the ''moment-consciousness''.

 

* 1920 - [[John B. Watson]] and [[Rosalie Rayner]] conducted the [[Little Albert experiment]], using [[classical conditioning]] to make a young boy afraid of white rats.

* 1921 - [[Jacob L. Moreno]] conducted the first large scale public [[Psychodrama]] session at the Komoedienhaus, Vienna. He moves to New York in 1925.

* 1928 - [[Jean Piaget]]'s book ''Judgement and Reasoning in the Child'' is published.

 

* 1934 - [[Lev Vygotsky]]'s ''Thought and Language'' (a.k.a. ''Thinking and Speech'') is first published (''in Russian'')

* 1935 - [[John Ridley Stroop]] developed a color-word task to demonstrate the interference of attention, the [[Stroop effect]]<ref>Stroop, J.R. (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'', Vol.18, 643-662</ref>

* 1939 - [[Alan Hodgkin]] and [[Andrew Huxley]] published a classic report in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' of the first recording of an [[action potential]].

 

* 1942 - [[Carl Rogers]] published 'Counseling and Psychotherapy' suggesting that respect and a non-judgmental approach to therapy is the foundation for effective treatment of [[mental health]] issues.

* 1943 - [[Leo Kanner]] published ''Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact''. The first systematic description of autistic children.

* 1949 - [[David Wechsler]] presented [[Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children]] (WISC), the first edition of the Wechsler-test for children.

 

* 1950 - [[Rollo May]] published ''The Meaning of Anxiety''.

* 1951 - [[Carl Rogers]] published his major work, [[Client-Centered Therapy]].

* 1969 - [[John Bowlby]] published his [[Attachment theory]] in the classic book ''Attachment and Loss, Volume 1''.

* 1969 - [[Harry Harlow]] published his experiment on [[affection]] development in [[rhesus monkey]]s.

 

* 1964 - [[Albert Ellis]] received [[American Humanist Association]]'s Humanist of the Year award

* 1971 - [[Martin Shubik]] demonstrated the [[Dollar auction]] experiment, illustrating irrational choices.

* 1971 - O'Keefe and Dostrovsky discover "place cells" in the hippocampus

* 1974 - [[Arnold Sameroff]] published ''Reproductive Risk and the Continuum of Caretaking Causality'', and introduced the transactional model, an influential model in modern developmental psychology.

* 1974 - [[Alan Baddeley]] and [[Graham Hitch]] proposed their model of working memory. It is often referred to as [[Baddeley's model of working memory]].

* 1977 - [[Alexander Thomas]] published ''Temperament and Development'', a longitudinal study on the importance of [[temperament]] for the development of personality and behavioral problems. An important study for modern research on temperament.

* 1977 - [[Albert Bandura]] published his book ''[[Social learning theory]]'', and expanded on the work of [[Julian Rotter]] who moved away from theories based on behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

* 1979 - [[Urie Bronfenbrenner]] published ''The Ecology of Human Development'', a seminal text in developmental and ecological psychology.

 

* 1980 - [[DSM-III]] published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]].

* 1983 - [[Howard Gardner]] published ''Frames of Mind'', introducing his [[theory of multiple intelligences]]

* 1988 - [[Michael M. Merzenich]] and colleagues showed that sensory and motor maps in the cortex can be modified with experience, a process called [[neural plasticity]]<ref>Merzenich, M.M., Recanzone, G., Jenkins, W.M., Allard, T.T., & Nudo, R.J. (1988) Cortical representational plasticity. In P Rakic and W. Singer (Eds.), ''Neurobiology of neocortex'' (pp.41-67). New York: Wiley</ref>

 

* 1991 - [[Steven Pinker]] proposed his theory on how children acquire language in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''<ref>Pinker, S. (1991) Rules of Language. ''Science'', Vol. 253, 530–535

</ref>, later popularized in the book ''[[The Language Instinct]].''

* 1997 - [[Belenkey, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule]] published [[Women's Ways of Knowing]]

 

=== 2000 का दशक ===

* 2000 - [[Alan Baddeley]] updated his model of working memory from 1974, often referred to as [[Baddeley's model of working memory]], and included ''the episodic buffer'' as a third slave system alongside ''the phonological loop'' and ''the visuo-spatial sketchpad''<ref>Baddeley, A.D. (2000) The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? ''Trends in Cognitive Science'', 4, 417-423.

}}</ref>

 

* [[मनोविज्ञान का इतिहास]]

* [[मनोविज्ञान]]

* [[मनोचिकित्सा की समयरेखा]]

 

{{Reflist}}

 

* [http://allpsych.com/timeline.html AllPsyc Online]