"रोमियो और जूलियट": अवतरणों में अंतर

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<ref>All references to Romeo and Juliet, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition (Gibbons, 1980) based on the Q2 text of 1599, with elements from Q1 of 1597.[193] Under its referencing system, which uses Roman numerals, II.ii.33 means act 2, scene 2, line 33, and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 1, Line 73. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 5, Line 115. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 4, Scene 1, Line 105. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 5, Scene 3, Lines 308–309. Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 93). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 33). Jump up ^ Moore (1930: 264–277). Jump up ^ Higgins (1998: 223). ^ Jump up to: a b Higgins (1998: 585) ^ Jump up to: a b Hosley (1965: 168). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 33–34); Levenson (2000: 4). ^ Jump up to: a b Moore (1937: 38–44). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 34–35). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 35–36). ^ Jump up to: a b Gibbons (1980: 37). Jump up ^ Keeble (1980: 18). Jump up ^ Roberts (1902: 41–44); Gibbons (1980: 32, 36–37); Levenson (2000: 8–14). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet: I.iii.23. ^ Jump up to: a b Gibbons (1980: 26–27). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 29–31). As well as A Midsummer Night's Dream, Gibbons draws parallels with Love's Labour's Lost and Richard II. Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 29). ^ Jump up to: a b c Spencer (1967: 284). ^ Jump up to: a b c Halio (1998: 1–2). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: 21). Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: ix). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 8–9). ^ Jump up to: a b Bowling (1949: 208–220). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 65). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, I.v.92–99. ^ Jump up to: a b Honegger (2006: 73–88). Jump up ^ Groves (2007: 68–69). Jump up ^ Groves (2007: 61) Jump up ^ Siegel (1961: 371–392). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.v.38–42. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, V.iii.169–170. Jump up ^ MacKenzie (2007: 22–42). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, III.i.138. Jump up ^ Evans (1950: 841–865). ^ Jump up to: a b c Draper (1939: 16–34). ^ Jump up to: a b c Nevo (1969: 241–258). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, I.i.167–171. ^ Jump up to: a b Parker (1968: 663–674). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.ii. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, I.v.42. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, I.v.44–45. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.ii.26–32. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, I.v.85–86. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, III.ii.17–19. Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 55–56). ^ Jump up to: a b c Tanselle (1964: 349–361). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, III.iv.8–9. Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.ii.109–111 Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, I.0.6. Levenson (2000: 142) defines "star-cross'd" as "thwarted by a malign star". Jump up ^ Muir (2005: 34–41). Jump up ^ Lucking (2001: 115–126). Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight. When performed at Court, inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night. Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 55–58); Driver (1964: 363–370). ^ Jump up to: a b Scott (1987: 415). Jump up ^ Scott (1987: 410). Jump up ^ Scott (1987: 411–412). Jump up ^ Shapiro (1964: 498–501). Jump up ^ Bonnard (1951: 319–327). ^ Jump up to: a b Halio (1998: 20–30). ^ Jump up to: a b Halio (1998: 51). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 47–48). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 48–49). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.ii.90. Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 49–50). Jump up ^ Levin (1960: 3–11). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 51–52). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 52–55). Jump up ^ Bloom (1998: 92–93). Jump up ^ Wells (2004: 11–13). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 82) quoting Karl A. Meninger's 1938 Man Against Himself. Jump up ^ Appelbaum (1997: 251–272). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V.i.1–11. Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 83, 81). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v.137. Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 84–85). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 85). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, III.i.112. Jump up ^ Kahn (1977: 5–22); Halio (1998: 87–88). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 89–90). Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 25–26) Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 85–86). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.i.24–26 Jump up ^ Rubinstein (1989: 54) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, II.ii.43–44. Jump up ^ Goldberg (1994: 221–227). ^ Jump up to: a b Halio (1998: 97). ^ Jump up to: a b Halio (1998: ix). Jump up ^ Taylor (2002: 18). The five more popular plays, in descending order, are Henry VI, Part 1, Richard III, Pericles, Hamlet and Richard II. Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 62). Jump up ^ Dawson (2002: 176) Jump up ^ Marsden (2002: 21). Jump up ^ Van Lennep (1965). ^ Jump up to: a b c d Halio (1998: 100–102). Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 71). Jump up ^ Marsden (2002: 26–27). Jump up ^ Branam (1984: 170–179); Stone (1964: 191–206). Jump up ^ Pedicord (1954: 14). Jump up ^ Morrison (2007: 231). Jump up ^ Morrison (2007: 232). Jump up ^ Gay (2002: 162). Jump up ^ Halliday (1964: 125, 365, 420). Jump up ^ The Times 30 December 1845, cited by Gay (2002: 162). Jump up ^ Potter (2001: 194–195). Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 84) Jump up ^ Schoch (2002: 62–63). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 104–105). Jump up ^ Winter (1893: 46–47, 57). Booth's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own "hundred night Hamlet" at The Winter Garden of four years before. Jump up ^ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2013. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved March 31, 2013. Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth's Theatre, 3 February 1869. Jump up ^ Holland (2002: 202–203) Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 69–70). Jump up ^ Tad Mosel, "Leading Lady: The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell," Little, Brown & Co., Boston (1978) Jump up ^ Smallwood (2002: 102). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 105–107). Jump up ^ Smallwood (2002: 110). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 107–109). ^ Jump up to: a b Levenson (2000: 87). Jump up ^ Holland (2001: 207). Jump up ^ The Times 19 September 1960, cited by Levenson (2000: 87). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 110). Jump up ^ Halio (1998: 110–112). Jump up ^ Pape (1997: 69). Jump up ^ Quince (2000: 121–125). Jump up ^ Lujan (2005). ^ Jump up to: a b Howard (2000: 297). Jump up ^ Edgar (1982: 162). Jump up ^ Marks (1997). Jump up ^ Houlihan Mary, "Wherefore Art Thou, Romeo? To Make Us Laugh at Navy Pier", Chicago Sun-Times (16 May 2004) Jump up ^ Barranger (2004: 47). Jump up ^ New York Times (1977). Jump up ^ Nestyev (1960: 261). Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 66–67) Jump up ^ Winn, Steven (April 24, 2007). "Michael Smuin: 1938-2007/Prolific dance director had showy career". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Buhler (2007: 156); Sanders (2007: 187). Jump up ^ Meyer (1962: 34–37). Jump up ^ Sadie (1996: 31); Holden (1993: 393). Jump up ^ Collins (1982: 532–538). Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 43–45). Jump up ^ Stites (1995: 5). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v, II.ii, III.v, V.iii. Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 42–43). Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 42). Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 187). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.0.6. Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 20). Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 187-8) Jump up ^ "Interview with Taylor Swift". Time. Time Warner. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2012. Jump up ^ Buhler (2007: 157) Jump up ^ Sanders (2007: 75–76). Jump up ^ Ehren (1999). Jump up ^ Arafay (2005: 186). Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 49–50). Jump up ^ Bloom (1998: 89). Jump up ^ Levenson (2000: 91), crediting this list of genres to Stanley Wells. Jump up ^ "Romeo", Merriam-Webster Online. Jump up ^ Bly (2001: 52) Jump up ^ Muir (2005: 352–362). Jump up ^ Fowler (1996: 111) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V.iii. Jump up ^ Fowler (1996:112–113). Jump up ^ Fowler (1996: 120). Jump up ^ Fowler (1996: 126–127) Jump up ^ Orgel (2007: 91). ^ Jump up to: a b Brode (2001: 42). Jump up ^ Rosenthal (2007: 225). Jump up ^ Brode (2001: 43). Jump up ^ Brode (2001: 48). Jump up ^ Tatspaugh (2000: 138). Jump up ^ Brode (2001: 48–9) Jump up ^ Brode (2001: 51) quoting Renato Castellani. Jump up ^ Orgel (2007: 91). Jump up ^ Brode (2001: 51–52); Rosenthal (2007: 218). Jump up ^ For example, by Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter-Downes of The New Yorker, cited by Brode (2001: 51–53). Jump up ^ Brode (2001: 53). Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, III.v. Jump up ^ Rosenthal (2007: 218–220). Jump up ^ Tatspaugh (2000: 140). Jump up ^ Tatspaugh (2000: 142). Jump up ^ Rosenthal (2007: 215–216). Jump up ^ Daily Mail "Disney's teenage musical 'phenomenon' premieres in London". Daily Mail. 11 September 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2007. Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris (1994: 141–156) list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet, not including films of the play itself. Jump up ^ Lanier (2007: 96); McKernan and Terris (1994: 146). Jump up ^ Howard (2000: 310); Rosenthal (2007: 228). Jump up ^ Srivastava, Priyanka (29 November 2013). "WEEKEND ENTERTAINMENT: From Ram-leela to Haider, Bollywood's attraction to Shakespeare continues". Daily Mail. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Jump up ^ Goyal, Divya (6 December 2013). "'Ram Leela' box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore, pulverises prediction". The Financial Express. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Jump up ^ "‘Ram-leela’ Review Roundup: Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of 'Romeo and Juliet'". International Business Times. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Jump up ^ "Modern take for Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet". BBC News. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010. Jump up ^ "Romeo + Juliet: A new poster, new dates, and new players!". Canary Beck. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013. Jump up ^ Gibbons (1980: vii).</ref>

{{WPCUP}} '''रोमियो और जुलियट'''
एक दुखान्त नतक है जो विल्लिअम शकेस्पियर ने अपने शुरुवाति विकास मे लिखा है, जो दो प्रेमियो के मरन के बाद उनके परिवारो को मिला देता है। यह शेक्स्पियर के ज़माने के सबसे लोक्प्रिय नाटको मे से एक था और हाम्लत के साथ साथ इस समय का भी बहुत ही बहुधा नाटक है। आज के जमाने के प्रेमियो को भी उनके नाम के साथ जोडा जाता है।
रोमियो और जुलियट एक ऐसी परम्परा है जिसे परावस्तु के साथ जोडा जाता है। इसकी रूप रेखा एक इतालिअन कहानी से ली गयी है, जिसका अनुवाद एक कविता के रूप मे है जो अर्थुर ब्रूक्स् के द्वारा ''"द त्रगिचल हिस्तोरी ओफ रोमिय्स आन्द जुलिएत"'' मे १५६२ मे किया गया था और उसके बाद गद्य मे ''"पालेस ओफ प्लेज्र"'' के प्रकार मे विल्लिअम पैन्तर् के द्वारा १५६७ मे लिखा गया था। शेकेस्पियर ने दोनो मे से उदाहरण लिए है लेकिन अपने रूप रनग को बधाने के लिये दो नए पात्रो का विकास भी किया है मरक्युशयो और पारिस के रूप मे है। यह माना जाता है कि ये नाटक १५९१-१५९५ के बीच मे लिखा गया था और सबसे पहले ८ प्रुश्थ् मे प्रकाशित किया गया था। इसका विशय बहुत कमज़ोर माना गया था, लेकिन उसके बाद के सन्स्कर्णो मे यह शेकेस्पियर के नाटक से मिलने जुलने लगा।