"खमेर लिपि": अवतरणों में अंतर
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पंक्ति 2:
{{आधार}}
'''खमेर लिपि''' (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា; âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa, informally aksar Khmer; អក្សរខ្មែរ) [[कम्बोडिया]] की [[खमेर भाषा]] को लिखने में प्रयुक्त होने वाली [[लिपि]] है। ऐसा विश्वास किया जाता है कि खमेर लिपि का विकास [[भारत]] की [[पल्लव लिपि]] ([[ग्रन्थ लिपि]]) से हुआ।
खमेर लिपि विश्व की सबसे वृहद वर्णमाला है (गिनीज बुक ऑफ वर्ड रिकॉर्ड्स, 1995). इसमें ३३ ब्यंजन, २३ स्वर तथा १२ स्वतंत्र स्वर हैं। जो २३ मुख्य ब्यंजन हैं उनको दो समूहों में बाँटा जा सकता है, प्रथम श्रेणी (लघु ध्वनि) तथा द्वितीय श्रेणी (दीर्घ ध्वनि) इसके अलावा इसके प्रत्येक ब्यंजन के दो रूप हैं - पहला, सामान्य रूप और दूसरा, ब्यंजन के नीचे वाला रूप। इसके अलावा इसके सर्वाधिक प्रयुक्त १० ब्यंजनों का एक 'औपचारिक रूप' भी है जो शीर्षक, विज्ञापन, मंदिर की दीवारों आदि पर लिखने के लिये प्रयुक्त होता है। इस प्रकार कुल १०१ अलग-अलग प्रतीक हैं।
== Consonants ==
There are 35 Khmer consonant symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 33, two having become obsolete. Each consonant has an inherent vowel: â /ɑ/ or ô /ɔ/. These inherent vowel sounds affect the pronunciation of the dependent (diacritical) vowels. When no dependent vowel is added, the consonant is pronounced together with its inherent vowel, or with no vowel at all if it comes at the end of the word.
The consonants have subscript forms that are used to write consonant clusters. Also sometimes referred to as "sub-consonants", subscript consonants mostly resemble the corresponding consonant symbol but in a minuscule form. In Khmer, they are known as ''{{transl|km|cheung âksâr}}'' ({{lang|km|ជើងអក្សរ}}), meaning the ''foot of a letter''. Most subscript consonants are written directly below other consonants, although subscript ''{{transl|km|r}}'' is written before, while a few others have ascending elements which appear after. The inherent vowel of a consonant cluster is the inherent vowel of the main (first) consonant, although subscript consonants are mostly chosen so as to match that inherent vowel if possible. Subscript consonants were previously used to write final consonants; this method of writing has is no longer used in modern written Khmer, but is retained in the word ''{{transl|km|aôy}}'' ({{lang|km|ឲ្យ}}, /aːoj/).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! ब्यंजन
! नीचे वाला रूप (Subscript form)
! UN romanization
! IPA
|-
| {{lang|km|ក}}
| {{lang|km|្ក}}
| | {{transl|km|kâ}}
| {{IPA|kɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ខ}}
| {{lang|km|្ខ}}
| | {{transl|km|khâ}}
| {{IPA|kʰɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|គ}}
| {{lang|km|្គ}}
| | {{transl|km|kô}}
| {{IPA|kɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឃ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឃ}}
| | {{transl|km|khô}}
| {{IPA|kʰɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ង}}
| {{lang|km|្ង}}
| | {{transl|km|ngô}}
| {{IPA|ŋɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ច}}
| {{lang|km|្ច}}
| | {{transl|km|châ}}
| {{IPA|cɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឆ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឆ}}
| | {{transl|km|chhâ}}
| {{IPA|cʰɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ជ}}
| {{lang|km|្ជ}}
| | {{transl|km|chô}}
| {{IPA|cɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឈ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឈ}}
| | {{transl|km|chhô}}
| {{IPA|cʰɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ញ}}
| {{lang|km|្ញ}}
| | {{transl|km|nhô}}
| {{IPA|ɲɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ដ}}
| {{lang|km|្ដ}}
| | {{transl|km|dâ}}
| {{IPA|ɗɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឋ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឋ}}
| | {{transl|km|thâ}}
| {{IPA|tʰɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឌ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឌ}}
| | {{transl|km|dô}}
| {{IPA|ɗɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឍ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឍ}}
| | {{transl|km|thô}}
| {{IPA|tʰɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ណ}}
| {{lang|km|្ណ}}
| | {{transl|km|nâ}}
| {{IPA|nɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ត}}
| {{lang|km|្ត}}
| | {{transl|km|tâ}}
| {{IPA|tɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ថ}}
| {{lang|km|្ថ}}
| | {{transl|km|thâ}}
| {{IPA|tʰɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ទ}}
| {{lang|km|្ទ}}
| | {{transl|km|tô}}
| {{IPA|tɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ធ}}
| {{lang|km|្ធ}}
| | {{transl|km|thô}}
| {{IPA|tʰɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ន}}
| {{lang|km|្ន}}
| | {{transl|km|nô}}
| {{IPA|nɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ប}}
| {{lang|km|្ប}}
| | {{transl|km|bâ}}
| {{IPA|ɓɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ផ}}
| {{lang|km|្ផ}}
| | {{transl|km|phâ}}
| {{IPA|pʰɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ព}}
| {{lang|km|្ព}}
| | {{transl|km|pô}}
| {{IPA|pɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ភ}}
| {{lang|km|្ភ}}
| | {{transl|km|phô}}
| {{IPA|pʰɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ម}}
| {{lang|km|្ម}}
| | {{transl|km|mô}}
| {{IPA|mɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|យ}}
| {{lang|km|្យ}}
| | {{transl|km|yô}}
| {{IPA|jɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|រ}}
| {{lang|km|្រ}}
| | {{transl|km|rô}}
| {{IPA|rɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ល}}
| {{lang|km|្ល}}
| | {{transl|km|lô}}
| {{IPA|lɔ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|វ}}
| {{lang|km|្វ}}
| | {{transl|km|vô}}
| {{IPA|ʋɔ}}
|-
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{lang|km|ឝ}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{lang|km|្ឝ}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{transl|km|shâ}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | -
|-
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{lang|km|ឞ}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{lang|km|្ឞ}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{transl|km|ssô}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | -
|-
| {{lang|km|ស}}
| {{lang|km|្ស}}
| | {{transl|km|sâ}}
| {{IPA|sɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ហ}}
| {{lang|km|្ហ}}
| | {{transl|km|hâ}}
| {{IPA|hɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឡ}}
| {{lang|km|្ឡ}}*
| | {{transl|km|lâ}}
| {{IPA|lɑ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អ}}
| {{lang|km|្អ}}
| | {{transl|km|qâ}}
| {{IPA|ʔɑ}}
|}
==मात्राएँ (Dependent vowels)==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" | '''Dependent <br>vowels'''
! colspan="2" | '''UN romanization'''
! colspan="2" | '''IPA'''<ref name="Huffman"/>
|-
! a-series
! o-series
! a-series
! o-series
|-
| {{lang|km|អា}}
| {{transl|km|a}}
| {{transl|km|éa}}
| {{IPA|aː}}
| {{IPA|iːə}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អិ}}
| {{transl|km|ĕ}}
| {{transl|km|ĭ}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|i}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អី}}
| {{transl|km|ei}}
| {{transl|km|i}}
| {{IPA|əj}}
| {{IPA|iː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អឹ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|œ̆}}
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|ɨ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អឺ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|œ}}
| {{IPA|əːɨ}}
| {{IPA|ɨː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អុ}}
| {{transl|km|ŏ}}
| {{transl|km|ŭ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អូ}}
| {{transl|km|o}}
| {{transl|km|u}}
| {{IPA|oːu}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អួ}}
| colspan="2"|{{transl|km|uŏ}}
| colspan="2"|{{IPA|uːə}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អើ}}
| {{transl|km|aeu}}
| {{transl|km|eu}}
| {{IPA|aːə}}
| {{IPA|əː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អឿ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|eua}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɨːə}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អៀ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|iĕ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|iːə}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អេ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|é}}
| {{IPA|eːi}}
| {{IPA|eː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អែ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|ê}}
| {{IPA|aːe}}
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អៃ}}
| {{transl|km|ai}}
| {{transl|km|ey}}
| {{IPA|aj}}
| {{IPA|ɨj}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អោ}}
| {{transl|km|aô}}
| {{transl|km|oŭ}}
| {{IPA|aːo}}
| {{IPA|oː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អៅ}}
| {{transl|km|au}}
| {{transl|km|ŏu}}
| {{IPA|aw}}
| {{IPA|ɨw}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អុំ}}
| {{transl|km|om}}
| {{transl|km|ŭm}}
| {{IPA|om}}
| {{IPA|um}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អំ}}
| {{transl|km|âm}}
| {{transl|km|um}}
| {{IPA|ɑm}}
| {{IPA|um}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អាំ}}
| {{transl|km|ăm}}
| {{transl|km|ŏâm}}
| {{IPA|am}}
| {{IPA|oəm}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អះ}}
| {{transl|km|ăh}}
| {{transl|km|eăh}}
| {{IPA|aʰ}}
| {{IPA|eəʰ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អុះ}}
| {{transl|km|ŏh}}
| {{transl|km|uh}}
| {{IPA|oʰ}}
| {{IPA|uʰ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អេះ}}
| colspan="2" | {{transl|km|éh}}
| {{IPA|eiʰ}}
| {{IPA|eʰ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|អោះ}}
| {{transl|km|aŏh}}
| {{transl|km|uŏh}}
| {{IPA|ɑʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʊəʰ}}
|}
==स्वतंत्र स्वर==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Independent<br />vowels
! UN romanization
! IPA
|-
| {{lang|km|ឥ}}
| {{transl|km|ĕ}}
| {{IPA|ʔe}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឦ}}
| {{transl|km|ei}}
| {{IPA|ʔəj}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឧ}}
| {{transl|km|ŏ}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" | {{lang|km|ឨ}}
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |
| bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |
|-
| {{lang|km|ឩ}}
| {{transl|km|ŭ}}
| {{IPA|ʔu}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឪ}}
| {{transl|km|ŏu}}
| {{IPA|ʔɨw}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឫ}}
| {{transl|km|rœ̆}}
| {{IPA|ʔrɨ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឬ}}
| {{transl|km|rœ}}
| {{IPA|ʔrɨː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឭ}}
| {{transl|km|lœ̆}}
| {{IPA|ʔlɨ}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឮ}}
| {{transl|km|lœ}}
| {{IPA|ʔlɨː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឯ}}
| {{transl|km|é}}
| {{IPA|ʔae; ʔɛː,ʔeː}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឰ}}
| {{transl|km|ai}}
| {{IPA|ʔaj}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឱ}}, {{lang|km|ឲ}}
| {{transl|km|aô, aôy}}
| {{IPA|ʔaːo}}
|-
| {{lang|km|ឳ}}
| {{transl|km|âu}}
| {{IPA|ʔaw}}
|}
== देवनागरी और म्यांमार लिपियों से तुलना==
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