|publisher=[[Georgia State University]], Department of Physics and Astronomy
|accessdate=2008-06-29
}}</ref> Upअप andव downडाउन quarksक्वार्क haveके theद्रव्यमान lowestसभी क्वार्को में सबसे कम है। अपेक्षाकृत भारी क्वार्क [[massकणिका क्षय]]esofकी प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से तीव्रता से अप व डाउन क्वार्क में बदल allजाते quarks.हैं, The heavier quarks rapidly change into up and down quarks through a process of [[particle decay]]: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Because of this, up and down quarks are generally stable and the most common in the [[universe]], whereas strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks can only be produced in [[high energy physics|high energy]] collisions (such as those involving [[cosmic ray]]s and in [[particle accelerator]]s). For every quark flavor there is a corresponding type of [[antiparticle]], known as an ''antiquark'', that differs from the quark only in that some of its properties have [[additive inverse|equal magnitude but opposite sign]].
The [[quark model]] was independently proposed by physicists [[Murray Gell-Mann]] and [[George Zweig]] in 1964.<ref name="Carithers">
