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"रूस-तुर्की युद्ध १८७७-७८": अवतरणों में अंतर

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पंक्ति 1:
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = रूस-तुर्की युद्ध (1877–1878)
| partof = [[Great Eastern Crisis (1875–78)]]
| image = [[File:The defeat of Shipka Peak, Bulgarian War of Independence.JPG|300px]]
| caption = The [[Battle of Shipka Pass]] in August 1877
| date = 24 April 1877 – 3 March 1878 (10 months, 1 week, 2 days)
| place = [[Balkans]], [[Caucasus]]
| territory = Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state; ''de jure'' independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire; [[Kars Oblast|Kars]] and [[Batumi Oblast]]s become part of the Russian Empire
| result = Victory of the Russian-led coalition<br />[[Treaty of San Stefano]], [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|Russian Empire|1858}}<br/>{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]<br/>{{flagicon|Romania}} [[United Principalities|Romania]]<br />{{flagicon |Serbia|civil}} [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]]<br />{{flagcountry|Principality of Montenegro}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon |Russian Empire|1858}} [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]]<br />{{flagicon |Russian Empire|1858}} [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)|Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich]]<br />{{flagicon |Russian Empire|1858}} [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia|Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich]]<br />{{flagicon |Russian Empire|1858}} [[Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov|Mikhail Loris-Melikov]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire|1858}} [[Mikhail Skobelev]]<br />{{flagicon |Russian Empire|1858}} [[Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko|Joseph Gourko]]<br /> {{flagicon|Russian Empire|1858}} [[Ivan Davidovich Lazarev|Ivan Lazarev]]<br />{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Alexander of Battenberg]] <br />{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Carol I of Romania]]<br />{{flagicon |Serbia|civil}} [[Kosta Protić]]<br />{{flagicon|Principality of Montenegro}} [[Nicholas I of Montenegro|Prince Nikola]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Abdul Hamid II]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ahmed Muhtar Pasha|Ahmed Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon |Ottoman Empire}} [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Osman Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman general)|Suleiman Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)|Mehmed Pasha]]<br /> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha]]<br /> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ahmed Eyüb Pasha]]<br /> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed Riza Pasha]]
| strength1 = '''Russian Empire''' – 185,000 in the Army of the Danube, 75,000 in the Caucasian Army<ref>Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. 2 Volumes. ABC-CLIO, 2014. P. 748</ref><br />
'''Bulgaria''' – 12,000<br />
'''Romania''' – 66,000<br />
पंक्ति 18:
'''Serbia''' – 81,500<br />
'''Montenegro''' – 25,000
| strength2 = '''Ottoman Empire''' – 281,000<ref>{{Citation | last = Мерников | first = АГ | script-title=ru:Спектор А. А. Всемирная история войн | place = Минск | year = 2005. – c. 376| language = Russian }}.</ref>
| casualties1 = '''Russian Empire''' – 15,567 killed, <br /> 56,652 wounded, <br /> 6,824 died from wounds<ref name="Урланис">{{cite book| author = [[Урланис Б. Ц.]] | chapter = Войны в период домонополистического капитализма (Ч. 2)| chapter-url = http://scepsis.net/library/id_2140.html#a161| format = | url = | title = Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил европейских стран в войнах XVII—XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование) | orig-year = | agency = | edition = | location = М.| year = 1960 | publisher = [[Соцэкгиз]]| at = | volume = | issue = | pages = 104—105, 129 § 4| page = | series = | isbn = | ref = }}</ref><br />
'''Romania''' — 4,302 killed and missing, <br /> 3,316 wounded, <br /> 19,904 sick <ref>Scafes, Cornel, et. al., ''Armata Romania in Razvoiul de Independenta 1877–1878'' (The Romanian Army in the War of Independence 1877-1878). Bucuresti, Editura Sigma, 2002, p. 149 (Romence)</ref>
 
पंक्ति 34:
सन १८७७-७८ का '''रूस-तुर्की युद्ध''', [[उस्मानी साम्राज्य]] तथा [[रूसी साम्राज्य]] के नेतृत्व में पूर्वी आर्थोडोक्स समूह के बीच लड़ा गया। पूर्वी आर्थोडॉक्स समूह में [[बुल्गारिया]], [[रोमानिया]], [[सर्बिया]] और [[मॉन्टीनिग्रो]] थे। इस युद्ध ने १९वीं शताब्दी में [[बाल्कन]] [[राष्ट्रवाद]] के उदय में भारी भूमिका निभायी।
 
इस युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप [[रूस]] को [[काकेशस]] के कई प्रदेशों पर अपना दावा ठोकने में सफलता मिली। [[रोमानिया]], [[सर्बिया]], [[मोन्टीनिग्रो]] ने उस्मानी साम्राज्य से अपने स्वतन्त्र होने की घोषणा कर दी। लगभग पाँच शताब्दी तक (1396–1878) उस्मानी साम्राज्य के अधीन रहा [[बुल्गारिया]] भी स्वतन्त्र हो गया। [[बर्लिन कांग्रेस]] ने यह भी व्यवस्था दी कि आस्ट्रिया-हंगरी बोस्निया और हरजेगोविना पर अधिकार कर लें तथा ब्रिटेन [[साइप्रस]] पर अपना अधिकार कर ले।
 
==सन्दर्भ==
"https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/रूस-तुर्की_युद्ध_१८७७-७८" से प्राप्त