"कोशिका विज्ञान": अवतरणों में अंतर

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छो Shree Ram Swami Bio (Talk) के संपादनों को हटाकर Hunnjazal के आखिरी अवतरण को पूर्व...
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{{उद्धरणहीन|date=मई 2015}}
[[चित्र:NIEHScell.jpg|right|thumb|300px|घटक अणुओं के रूप में कोशिकाओं की समझ]]
 
== ATOM Agriculture & Medical Clases Kuchaman City,call-9636833366 ==
'''tho foKku  '''
 
'''&%'''foKku dh ’kk[kk ftlds vUrxZr lthoksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] tho foKku dgykrh gS] 1802 esa ysekdZ o Vªsfousfjl us   tho foKku “kCn  fn;k A
 
'''¼1½ ouLifr foKku ¼Botany'''½
 
xzhd Hkk"kk ds ’kCn Boskein = pjuk vFkkZr blds vUrZxr i'kqvksa ds pjus ls laEcf/kr thokas dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A
 
'''¼2½ tUrq foKku  ¼Zoology½ &%''' Zoon=Animal ¼izk.kh½ dk v/;;u A
 
'''dksf’kdk  ¼The cell½'''
 
1-     lthoksa dh lw{ere lajpukRed o fdz;kRed bdkbZ dksf”kdk dgykrh gS A
 
2-     dksf”kdk dk v/;;u dksf”kdk foKku dgykrk gSA
 
3-     dksf”kdk “kCn jkWcVZ gqd us fn;kA
 
4-     lh-ih- ’okulu dks vk/kqfud dksf”kdk foKku dk tud A
 
5-     ,-ds- ’kekZ Hkkjrh; dksf”kdk foKku dk tudA
 
'''dksf”kdk vkdkj o vkd`fr'''
 
1-     dksf”kdk NM+kdkj]lfiZykdkj]dksekdkj gks ldrh gS A
 
2-     lcls NksVh dksf”kdk &% ekbdksIykTek ySMysokbZ ¼O;kl 0-1H½
 
3-     lcls cMh dksf”kdk &% ’kqrqjeqxZ dk v.Mk ¼O;kl 15cm½
 
4-     lcls yEch ,d dksf’kdh; ikni dksf”kdk &% ,sflVkcqysfj;k ’kSoky ¼10 cm½
 
5-     lcls yEch cgqdksf’kdh; ikni dksf”kdk &% cksgesfj;k fufo;k dsrRrq ¼22&25 cm½
 
'''dksf”kdk dh [kkst'''
 
1-     dksf”kdk [kkstdrkZ & jkWcVZ gqd 1665 &% dkdZ dh e`r dksf”kdk fHkfRr dks *lSyqyk* uke A rFkk viuh iqLrd ** ekbdzksxzkQh;k ** esa o.kZu A
 
2-     thohr dksf”kdk ¼ftok.kq ]RBC “kqdzk.kq dks loZizFke ns[kk & Y;woSugkWad 1674 esa A
 
3-     thonzO; dks loZizFke ns[kk & dkfVZ 1772 esa A
 
4-     vkfdZM ikni dh tM+ksa dh dksf”kdk esa dsUnzd dk [kkstdrkZ & jkWcVZ czkmu 1831 esa A
 
5-     loZizFke thonzO; dk egRo le>k;k & cku eksy 1846 esa A
 
6-     ubZ dksf”kdk dh mRifr iwoZorhZ dksf”kdk ls gksrh gS & jMksYM fojpkos 1858 esa a
 
7-     U;wfDyd vEy dh [kkst & ekb’pj us 1868 esa A
 
8-     xq.klw= fl)kUr fn;k & lÍu o ckosjh 1902 esa A
 
9-     bysDVªkWu lw{en’khZ [kkstdrkZ & ukWy o :Ldk 1932 esa A
 
10-   vkuqokaf’kdh dksM o d`f=e thu la’ys"k.k & MkW- gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk 1968 esa A
 
11-   VªkWUl ikstksu ;k tafix thu ds [kkstdrkZ & ckjckjk eSdfyUVkWad 1975 esa A
 
12-   fiz;ksu okbjl ¼izksVhu dh NM+½ dh [kkst & LVsuys-ch-izqlhuj 1997 esa A
 
'''dksf”kdk fl)kUr ¼1839½'''
 
'''&%''' dksf”kdk fl)kUr ouLifr oSKkfud eSfFk;kl “ykbMsu o tUrq OkSKkfud fFk;ksMksj “oku us fn;k rFkk :MksYQ fojpkso ¼1855½ us blesa lq/kkj fd;k A
 
'''&%''' dkyZ usxsyh o fojpkso ds lq/kkj i'pkr~ blds izeq[k fcUnq %&
 
1-     lHkkh tho dksf”kdkvksa o muds mRiknksa ls cus gksrs gS A
 
2-     uohu dksf”kdk iwoZ dksf”kdk ds foHkktu ls curh gSA ¼vkseful lSyqyk bZ LkSyqyk ½
 
3-     dksf”kdk “kjhj dh lajpukRed o fdz;kRed bdkbZ gS A
 
4-     dksf”kdk esa tho ds vkuqokaf’kd xq.k fufgr gksrs gS A
 
5-     izR;sd dksf”kdk thou ds lkrO; ¼fujUrjrk½ dks cuk;s j[krh gS A
 
'''okbjl %&''' dksf”kdk fl)kUr dk viokn gS ] D;ksafd &
 
         ¼1½ blesa Lora= foHkktu {kerk ugha gksrh A
 
          ¼2½ IykTek f>Yyh ] dksf”kdk nzO; ] dksf”kdk vo;o vuqifLFkr
 
         ¼3½ dsoy ,d U;wfDyd vEy ] Mh-,u-,- ;k vkj-,u-,- gksrk gS A
 
'''tUrq dksf”kdk o ikni dksf”kdk esa vUrj'''
 
'''             ikni dksf”kdk                                     tUrq dksf”kdk'''
 
1- dksf”kdk ds ckgj dksf”kdk fHkfRr dk vkoj.k gksrk gSA       1  dksf”kdk fHkfRr ugha gksrh gS A
 
2- cM+h dsUnzh; fjfRrdk gksrh gS                            2- fjfRrdk;s vYi vkdkj dh ;k vuqifLFkr A
 
3- izdk’k la”ys"k.k {kerk vr% Loiks"kh ¼viokn&dod½         3 -ijiks"kh gksrh gS ¼viokn&;qfXyuk½
 
4- dqN “kSoky o dodksa dks NksM+dj mPprj ikniksa           4- nks rkjddsUnz ;qDr rkjddk; ik;k tkrk gSA
 
  easa rkjddk; dk vHkko A
 
5- rdZqrUrqvksa dk fuekZ.k thonzO; esa izksfVu }kjk              5- rkjddk; ls rdZqUrrqvksa dks fuekZ.k
 
6- thonzO; rUrq @ IykTeksMsLesVk ik;s tkrs gS               6- ugha ik;as tkrsA
 
7- LQhjkslkse ik;s tkrs gS A                               7- ugha ik;asa tkrs A
 
8- lafpr Hkkstu LVkpZ ds :i esa A                         8- Xykbdkstu o olk ds :i esa A
 
9- dksf”kdk iÍh dk fuekZ.k vidsUnzh dze esa                  9- [kkWp fof/k }kjk ¼vfHkdsUnzh dze esa½ ifjf/k ls      
 
  ¼dsUnz ds fdukjs dh vksj½                               dsUnz dh vksj
 
10- dsUnzd fjfRrdk ds dkj.k ifjf/k dh rjQ f[kldk         10- dsUnzd e/; esa A
 
'''izkssdsfj;ksfVd o ;wdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk esa vUrj'''
 
'''               izksdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk                       ;wdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk'''
 
1-     NksVh o vk| dksf”kdk gS                         1-cM+h o lqfodlhr dksf”kdk gS A
 
2-     vk| dsUnzd ftls U;wfDy;ksbM dgrs gS             2- lqfodflr dsUnzd ik;k
 
3-     vkuqokaf’kd inkFkZ & Mh-,u-,-                     3- xq.klq= vkuqokaf’kd bdkbZ
 
4-     “olu & ehlkslkse }kjk                         4 “olu&ekbVksdksfUMª;k }kjk
 
5-      dksf'kdkax ¼xkYthdk;]yod]ER ]ykblkslkse½       5- lHkh dksf”kdkax mifLFkr
 
     dk vHkko                                       
 
6-     lw{zeufydk;s o lw{erUrq rFkk rkjddk; dk vHkko   6- ik;s tkrs gS ]¼mPprj ikniksa esa rkjddk; vHkko
 
7-     jkbckslkse 70S [50S+30S] izdkj                 7-jkbckslkse 70S  o 80S nksuks izdkj ds 80S [60S=40S]
 
8-     d”kkfHkdkvks aesa 9$2 O;oLFkk dk vHkko             8-d”kkfHkdk esa rUrq 9$2 O;oLFkk esa
 
9-     vlw=h foHkktu ¼ljy fnw foHkktu½ izdkj dk        9- lelw=h o v)Zlw=h foHkktu mifLFkr
 
10-   dksf”kdk fHkfRr D;wdksiSIVkbM vFkok isfIVMksXykbdkWu 10- ikniksa esa lsyqykst dh¼tUrqvksa esa vHkko½
 
    dh cuh                               
 
11-   fgLVksu izksVhu dk vHkko                         11- fgLVksu izksVhu mifLFkr
 
12-   dksf”kdk foHkktu ds le; rdqZrUrq ugha curs       12- rdqZrUrq dk fuekZ.k gksrk A
 
13-   dsUnzhdk dk vHkko gksrk gS                       13- dsUnzhdk mifLFkr
 
14-   ySfxad tuu dk vHkko                          14- ySfxd tuu mifLFkr
 
15-   ukbVªkstu fLFkjhdj.k {kerkmifLFkr               15- vuqifLFkr
 
16-   dsoy ,d lgyXu lewg ik;k tkrk gS             16- dksf”kdk esa vxqf.kr xq.klq=ksa ds cjkcj lgyXu 
 
                                                     lewg¼ekuo esa 23 lgyXu lewg½
 
17-   mnkgj.k & thok.kq]uhyfgjr”kSoky]ekbdksIykTek    17- mnkgj.k& ikni]tUrq]o fodflr dodA
 
'''egRoiw.kZ iz”u'''
 
    1- dksf”kdk fl)kUr dk izfriknd gS &                       16- izksdsfj;lsfVd dksf”kdk esa vHkko gksrk gS &
 
'''     '''  ¼v½ lÍu o ckosjh   ¼c½ csVlu o iqusV                       ¼v½ 70S   ¼c½ N<sub>2</sub> fLFkjhdj.k 
 
       ¼l½ “ykbMsu o “oku ¼n½ okVlu o fdzd                      ¼l½ ySafxd tuu ¼n½ vk| dsUnzd                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
 
2- dksf”kdk fl)kUr dk viokn gS &                         17- thok.kqvksa esa lgyXu lewgksa dh la[;k gS&                                                                                                                                                                        
 
  ¼v½ dod  ¼c½ thok.kq ¼l½ okbjl ¼n½ ikni                    ¼v½ ,d ¼c½ pkj ¼l½ vusd ¼n½ lHkh
 
3- ikni txr ds tksdj dgykrs gS &                       18-  dksf”kdk ds f>Yyh jfgr dksf”kdkax gS&
 
  ¼v½ dod ¼c½ ekbdksIYkkTek¼l½ thok.kq ¼n½ LkHkh                 ¼v½ jkbckslkse ¼c½ lsUVªkslkse
 
4- jkWcVZ gqd dh iqLrd ftlesa dksf”kdk ds ckjs esa crk;k &          ¼l½ dkbusVkslkse ¼n½ lHkh
 
  ¼v½ flLVhek uspqjh  ¼c½ ekbdzksxzkfQ;k                    19- ikni dksf”kdkvksa esa thonzO; ijLij lEifdZr gS
 
  ¼l½ lSyqyk         ¼n½ vksfjtu vkWaQ Lih-                    ¼v½ IykTekMsLesVk ls ¼c½ dkbusVksdksj
 
5 loZizFke thfor dksf”kdk dks ns[kk&                            ¼l½ [kkWp }kjk   ¼n½ lHkh
 
  ¼v½jkcVZ gqd ¼c½ ,sUVkWauh okuY;wosugkWd                    20- lcls yEch ,d dksf’kdh; ikni dksf”kdk gS
 
  ¼l½ vjLrq   ¼n½ ySekdZ                                     ¼v½ ,sflVkcqysfj;k ¼c½ ekbdksIykTek
 
6- uohu dksf”kdk iwoZorhZ dksf”kdk ds foHkktu ls curh gS **dFku gS  ¼l½ cksgesfj;k     ¼n½ lHkh
 
  ¼v½ oku eksy  ¼c½ iqjfdUts                              21- lqfodflr dsUnzh; fjfRrdk fo’ks"krk gS &
 
  ¼l½ :MksYQ   ¼n½ Mh czht                                  ¼v½ ikni ¼c½ dod ¼l½ tUrq ¼n½ ch-th-,-
 
7-dksf”kdk dh lajpuk o laxBu dk v/;;u dgykrk gS &      22- tUrqvks esa laxzfgr [kk| inkFkZ gksrk gS
 
 ¼v½ tho foKku ¼c½ vkdkfjdh                                ¼v½ Xykbdkstu ¼c½ LVkpZ
 
      ¼l½ dksf”kdk foHkktu  ¼n½ vkuqokaf’kdh                         ¼l½ rsy@olk ¼n½ v o l nksuksa
 
    8- ehlkslkse ik;s tkrs gS &                                 23- ikni ftlesa izdk’k la’ys"k.k dh {kerk ugha
 
      ¼v½ ikni dksf”kdk ¼c½ tUrq dksf”kdk                          gksrh gS & ¼v½ dod  ¼c½ ikni
 
      ¼l½ vkj-ch-lh-     ¼n½ thok.kq dksf”kdk                         ¼l½ ’kSoky  ¼n½ LkHkh
 
    9- izksdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdkvkssa esa ugha ik;k tkrk &               24- izksdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk;s gS &
 
      ¼v½ 80S jkbckslkse         ¼c½ 70S jkbckslkse                                    ¼v½ thok.kq ¼c½ ch-th-,-
 
          ¼l½ lkbuksQkbflu d.k ¼n½ DNA                                                 ¼l½ ekbdksIykTek  ¼n½ lHkh
 
      10- f>Yyh jfgr dksf”kdkax gS &]                            25- dod esa dksf”kdk fHkfRr cuh gksrh gS &
 
      ¼v½ fjfRrdk ¼c½ jkbckslkse                                   ¼v½ lSyqwykst ¼c½ E;wdksisIVkbM 
 
      ¼l½ ykblkslkse ¼n½ xkYth                                    ¼l½ dkbfVu  ¼n½ izksfVu
 
   11- izksdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk dk y{k.k gS &                      26- dksf”kdk fHkfRr dk vHkko gksrk gS &
 
      ¼v½ vk| dsUnzd ¼c½ dsUnzhdk dk vHkko                        ¼v½ ikni ¼c½ dod ¼l½ tUraq ¼n½ thok.kq
 
      ¼l½ 70S jkbcksl   ¼n½ lHkh
 
   12-;wdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk esa ’olu LFky gS &   
 
  ¼v½ xkYth  ¼c½ ehlkslkse
 
  ¼l½ ekbVksdksf.Mª;ka ¼n½ lHkh       '''mRrj %& 1- ¼c½ 2- ¼l½ 3- ¼c½ 4- ¼c½ 5- ¼c½ 6- ¼l½ 7- ¼l½ 8- ¼n½ 9- ¼v½'''
 
   13- thonzO; ’kcn fn;k x;k &                '''10- ¼c½ 11- ¼n½ 12- ¼c½ 13- ¼c½ 14- ¼l½ 15- ¼c½ 16- ¼l½ 17- ¼v½'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
 
      ¼v½ okueksy    ¼c½ iqjkfdUt               '''18- ¼n½ 19- ¼v½ 20- ¼v½ 21- ¼v½ 22- ¼n½ 23- ¼v½ 24- ¼n½ 25- ¼l½'''
 
      ¼l½ fojpkS      ¼n½ lHkh                   '''26- ¼l½ A'''
 
   14- rkjddk; dk vHkko gksrk gS &                                                                        
 
       ¼v½ ’kSoky ¼c½ tUrq ¼l½ ikni ¼n½ lHkh
 
   15- thok.kqvksa dh dksf”kdk fHkfRr cuh gksrh gS &                                                                              
 
       ¼v½ lSyqykst    ¼c½ E;wdksisIVkbM
 
       ¼l½ dkbVhu     ¼n½ lHkh  
 
'''dsUnzd o xq.klw='''
 
·        [kkst jkWcVZ czkmu ¼1831½ us vkfdZM ikni dh dksf”kdk esa dsUnzd dh [kkst dh&
 
·        dsUnzd dksf”kdk dk * fu;a=.k dsUnz * dgykrk gS A
 
·        dsUnzd dk v/;;u * dsfj;ksyksth* dgykrk gSA
 
<nowiki>·        izksdsfj;ksfVd dksf”kdk esa ;g vLi"V o uXu Mh-,u-,- :i esa gksrk gS ] ftls * U;wfDy;ksbM * ;k thuksQksj dgrs gSA</nowiki>
 
·        dsUnzd vkdkj xq.klw= la[;k o dksf”kdk nzO; dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gS ] dsUnzd dksf”kdknzO; ds vk;ru esa ,d fuf’pr vuqikr gksrk gS] ftls * U;wfDy;ksIykTe bUMsDl* dgrs gS A
 
'''bls gVZfox us fuEu lw= ls n’kkZ;k'''
 
'''         NP = V<sub>n</sub> / V<sub>C-</sub>V<sub>n</sub>'''
 
'''NP = Nucleoplasmic index'''
 
'''V<sub>n</sub>  = Volume of nucleus'''
 
'''V<sub>c</sub>  = Volume of cytoplasm'''
 
·        izk;% ,d dksf”kdk esa ,d gh dsUnzd ik;k tkrk gS ] isjkfef’k;e o mikfLFkr dksf”kdk esa nksa QkbdksekbflVhd dod   
 
ckmpsfj;k ’kSoky rFkk jsf[kr is’kh dks’kdk esa vusd dsUnzd gksrs gS ]
 
·        cgqdsUnzh ouLifr ikni dksf”kdk dh ladksf’kdh ¼lhukslkbV½ o tUrq dksf”kdk dks flufl;e dgrs gS A
 
'''                            dsUnzd ds izeq[k Hkkx'''
 
     ¼1½ dsUnzd f>Yyh@dSfj;ksFkhdk ¼2½ dsUnzhdk ¼3½ dsUnzd nzO; ¼4½ dzksesfVu
 
'''1  dsUnzd f>Yyh &''' nksgjh ] ckg~; dsUnzd f>Yyh ij jkbckslkse tqM+s gksrs gS]
 
     dsUnzd f>Yyh dk fuekZ.k dksf”kdk foHkktu dh vaO;koLFkk  [telopgase] esa ER ls gksrk gSA
 
'''2 dsUnzhdk ¼Nucleolus½ &% ''' dsUnzd nzO; ds fdukjs dh rjQ xgjs jax dh xksykdkj lajpuk gksrh gS]
 
'''  '''ftls * dsUnzdk* dgrs gS] budh [kkst& QksUVkuk us o lajpuk dk v/;;u * ’ykbMsu* us fd;k ;s iwokZoLFkk
 
  ¼izksQst½ esa foyqIr gks tkrh gS ] rFkk gsYkksQst esa iqu% izd`V gks tkrh gS A
 
·        ,d dsUnzd esa izk;% ,d dsUnhdk ik;h tkrh gS] viokn I;kt esa pkj dsUnzhdk;s ]izR;sd dsUnzhdk ,d fof’k"V xq.klw= ¼NOC½ ds fof’k"V LFkku ij yxk gksrk gS A
 
·       '''lajpuk &''' bysDVªkWau lw{en’khZ ls blesa pkj vo;o fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A
 
'''    ¼i½ rUrqd {ks= & ''' U;wfDy;ksuhek] vusd rUrqvksa ls cuk {kS= tks RNP ¼izksVhu½ ls cukA
 
'''    ¼ii½ nkusnkj {ks= &'''  ik’kZxzsU;wykslk Hkh dgrs gS ] ;g dsUnzhdk dk ijhf/k; Hkkx gksrk gS ] tks izksfVu o
 
'''      ''' vkj-,u-,-  ¼2%1½ esa cuk gksrk gSA
 
    '''¼iii½ jokghu {ks= ¼ik’kZ ,eksjQk½ &''' ;g dsUnzhdk dk laekxh rjy Hkkx gS ftlesa rUrqa o d.k fc[kjs gksrs gS ] bls
 
'''      ''' esfVªDl dgrws gS A
 
'''    ¼iv½ dsUnzdh; dzksesfVu &''' dsUnzhdk dh lrg ij o vUnj ik;s tkrs gSaA
 
'''        dsUnzhdk esa 85 % izksVhu o  10% RNA , 5% DNA'''
 
'''3- dasUnzd nzO; &%'''  dsUnzd f>Yyh ds vUnj ,d ikjn’khZ ] v}Zrjy dkf.kdh;] lekax] LoPN]o dksykbMh]inkFkZ ftls
 
'''  ''' dsUnzd nzO; ;k dsfj;ksfyEQ dgrs gS] blesa vkj-,u-,- Mh-,u-,- ,Utkbe [kfutyo.k ik;s tkrs gSa
 
·       blesa Mh-,u-,- iqujko`fr o vuqys[ku gksrk gS blls dksf”kdk foHkktu ds le; rdqZrUrq curs gS A
 
'''4- dzksesfVu inkFkZ &''' dsUnzd nzO; esa /kkxsuqek lw=ksa dk tky Mwck jgrk gS ] ftls dzksesfVu inkFkZ dgrs gS A
 
·       dksf”kdk foHkktu ds le; ;g tky xq.klw=ksa es cny tkrk gS A
 
·       vUrjkOkLFkk esa bl tky esa nks Hkkx fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ] bUgS a,sfey fgV~t us ;qdzksesfVu o gSVsjks & dzksesfVu uke fn;k
 
'''           gSVsjksdzksesfVu                                   ;wdzksesfVu'''
 
      1- xgjk vfHkjaftr                                 1- gYdk jathr
 
      2- vf/kd la|fur o dq.Mfyr                       2- de la|fur
 
      3- vkuqokaf’kd :Ik ls fufjdze                       3- lfdz;
 
·       {kkjh; vfHkjatu ls dzksesfVu inkFkZ ds nks {ks= Li"V gksus dh ?kVuk * gsVsjksfiDuksfll*
 
·       dzksesfVu esa DNA , RNA fgLVksu o uksu fgLVksu izksVhu feyrh gS
 
'''dsUnzd ds dk;Z'''
 
·       gSej fyx us ,sflVkcqysfj;k ’kSoky ij iz;ksx djds dsUnzd ds egRo dk n’kkZ;k
 
·       dsUnzd esa mifLFkr xq.klw= vkuqokaf’kdrk ds okgd gksrs gS A
 
·       dsUnzhdk }kjk jkbckslkse fuekZ.k
 
·       dksf”kdk foHkktu fdz;k dsUnzd }kjk fu;af=r
 
'''xq.klw= ¼Chromosomes½'''
 
·        dksf”kdk foHkktu dh vUrjkoLFkk esa cuus okyh /kkxs leku ljpuk xq.klw= dgykrs gS A
 
·        LVªklcxZj us xq.klw=ksa dk irk yxk;k rFkk okYMsys;j us dzksekslkse uke fn;kA
 
·        dkf;d o tufud dksf”kdkvksa es budh la[;k f}xqf.kr gksrh gS ] ;qXedksa esa ;s vxqf.kr gksrs gS A
 
·        vxqf.kr xq.klw= la[;k dks thukse ¼genome½ dgrs gS A
 
·        vko`fRrchth ikni Hkw.kiks"k f=xqf.kr ¼3<sub>N</sub>½ gksrk gS A
 
·        '''vkdkj &'''
 
·        1 ls 20<sub>H</sub> rd yEcs o 0-2 ls 0-3<sub>H</sub> rd pkSMs A
 
·        lcls xq.klw= fVªfy;e xzkUMhQyksje esa
 
·        lcls NksVs i{kh;ks esa A
 
·        '''lajpuk'''
 
·        lajpuk dk v/;;u *esVkQsy* voLFkk esa
 
·        '''xq.klw= ds izeq[k'''
 
'''¼i½  vnzZ xq.klw= ¼dzksesfVM½ &''' izR;sd xq.klw= esa nks yEcor Hkkx fn[kkbZ nsrs gs] ftls dzksesfVM dgrs gS] nksuksa vnzZ
 
'''    ''' xq.klw= ,d gh xq.klw= fcUnq }kjk tqMs gksrs gS] i'pkoLFkk esa xq.klw= fcInq ds foHkkftr gks tkus ls nksuksa
 
    vnzZxq.klw= vyx gks tkrs gS ] izU;sd vnzZxq.klw= esa ,d DNA v.kq gksrk gs AvnzZxq.klw= dks dzkseksfuesVk
 
     dgrs gSA
 
'''¼ii½  dzkseksfuesVk @ o.kZdkf.kdk &''' izksQst esa dzkseksfuesVk ds mij fcUnquqek lajpuk;s dzksekseh;j dgykrh gS] ;s
 
'''     ''' dzkseksfuesVk ls vf/kd dq.Mfyr Hkkx gSaA
 
'''¼iii½ xq.klw= fcUnq &'''  xq.klw= esa ,d izkFkfed ldh.kZu ik;k tkrk gS ] ftls lsUVªksfe;j ;k dkbusVksdksj dgrs gS
 
'''     ''' og LFkku tgWk dksf”kdk foHkktu ds le; rdqZrUrq tqM+rs gS ;g vYi jathr {ks= gksrk gSA
 
'''¼iv½  f}rh;d ladh.kZu @dsUnzhdk laxBd &'''  dsUnzd es ,d xq.klw= ij izkFkfed ldhZ.ku ds vfrfjDr f}rh;d
 
'''     ''' ldhZ.ku Hkh gksrk gS] ftlds dsUnzhdk tqM+h gksrh gSA
 
'''¼v½   vuq"kax @lsVsykbV&''' xq.klw= dk f}rh;d ldhZ.ku ls mij dk Hkkx bls lsVykbV dgrs gS ]
 
'''      ¼lSV xq.klw=½'''
 
'''¼vi½ vUr[k.M @ Vsykseh;j &''' xq.klw= ds nksuks aNksj ftues /kzqork ikbZ tkrh gS A
 
·        ;g xq.klw= dks vU; [k.Mks ls tqM+us ls jksdrk gS A
 
·        vk;qc<us ij Vhykseh;j NksVs gksus yxrs gS] ftlls dksf”kdk o`) gksus yxrh gS ¼cq<kik½
 
·        ;fn Vhyksfe;j dks NksVk gksus ls cpk;k tk;s rks ;wokvoLFkk yEcs le; rd cuh jgrh gSA
 
'''jklk;fud laxBu'''
 
'''¼1½''' U;wfDyd vEy & '''DNA''' o '''RNA'''
 
'''¼2½''' izksVhu & ¼i½ {kkjh; ;k fgLVksu izksVhu
 
          ¼ii½ vEyh; ;k ukSu fgLVksu izksVhu
 
'''¼3½''' [kfut yo.k o vk;u & '''N<sub>a</sub><sup>+</sup> , B<sub>a</sub><sup>2+</sup> , M<sub>g</sub><sup>2+</sup>'''
 
·        xq.klw= dk eq[; Hkkx ¼90%½ '''DNA''' o fgLVksu izksVhu ls fufeZr rFkk ’ks"k Hkkx 8&10% '''RNA''' o uksufgLVksu izksVhu ls cuk &
 
'''fgLVksu izksVhu ds izdkj o y{k.k'''
 
                 1-  H<sub>1</sub>  ¼ykbehu vf/kdrk ½               v.kwHkkj    20000
 
¼izfr 200 ;qXeksa es 1 v.kq½
 
                                2-  H<sub>2</sub>A   ¼lk/kj.k½              2 v.kq  v.kqHkkj   13700
 
                                3-  H<sub>2</sub>B   ¼ykblhu vf/kdrk½      2 v   v.kqHkkj    13700
 
                                4-  H<sub>3</sub>    ¼vftZuhu vf/kdrk½      2 v.kq v.kqHkkj     15700
 
                                5-  H<sub>4</sub>    ¼vftZuhu vf/kdrk½      2 v.k v.kqHkkj     11200
 
'''lajpuk'''
 
·        Mh-,u-,- o fgLVksu feydj U;wfDy;kslkse@ U;w dk; cukrs gSa A
 
·        U;wfDy;kslkse izfr:i dkuZcxZ o FkkWel us fn;k rFkk uke *vkmMV us fn;kA
 
<nowiki>·        U;wfDy;kslkse xq.klw=ksa es nkusnkj ekyk ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] izR;sd U;wfDy;kslkse dksMd.k o fyadj Mh-,u-,- lss cuk gksrk gS ] dksM d.k es H</nowiki><sub>2 </sub> A , H<sub>2</sub>B , H<sub>3</sub> , H<sub>4 </sub>esa izR;sd ds nks v.kq ¼dqy vkB½ ls cuk vkWDVkej ¼octamer½ gksrk gS blds pkjks rjQ Mh-,u-,- dh 1<sup>3</sup>@<sub>4</sub> ­dq.Myh fyiVh jgrh gS ] bl dq.Myh esa 146 N<sub>2</sub>  {kkjd gksrs gS] fyadj Mh-,u-,- es 60 tksMs+ N<sub>2</sub> {kkjd gksrs gS] H<sub>1</sub> izksVhu ds nks d.kksa ds chp ik;s tkus okys fyadj Mh-,u-,- ls lEcf/kr gS A
 
'''        '''
 
U;wfDy;kslkse ;wDr '''Mh-,u-,-''' iqu% dq.Mfyr gksdj lksysukbM
 
                              lajpuk cukrk gS ,d U;wfDy;ksVkbM esa N% U;wfDy;kslkse ik;s tkrs
 
                              gS bls fQaPk o Dyx us le>k;k A                                                                                                            
 
'''dk;Z'''
 
¼1½ vkuqokaf’kd ds okgd gksrs gS A ¼2½ mifLFkr thu lHkh tSfod fdz;kvksa dks fu;fU=r djrs gS A
 
          ¼3½ xq.klq= ds NOR {ks= esa dsUnzhdk curh gS A  ¼4½ dksf”kdk foHkktu esa lfdz; ;ksxnku 
 
'''xq.klw=ksa ds izdkj'''
 
¼1½ vfyax @ vkVkslksE; &% fyax xq.kkas dks NksM+dj vU; y{k.kksa dk fua;U=.k ]euq"; esa 23 tksMs+
 
            ¼2½ fyax @ ,sykslkse @gsVsjkslkse &% [kkst & eSdyax us A
 
            '''fof'k"V xq.k &%'''  
 
·        ikWfyVhu @ykjxzfUFk xq.klw= & ckyfo;kuh us [kkst] dkSyj us ikWfyVhu uke fn;kA
 
·        ;s xq.klw= fMIVsjk dhVks ePNj ] MkslksQhyk esa ik;s tkrs gS] Mh-,u-,- dh vf/kdrk ds dj.k vkdkj cMk+ vr% egkxq.klw= dgykrs gSAa
 
·        Buls ¼dzkseksfubVksfll½ }kjk c<rh gS ] bls iksfyVsuh dgrs gS ] bUgSa /kkj.k djus okyh dksf”kdkvks aesa foHkktu ugha gksrkA
 
·        Budk egRo thu dk LFkku fu/kkZfjr djus o xq.klw= ds lajpukRed ifjoZruksa dks igpkuus esa mi;ksxhA
 
'''                               ySEiczq’k xq.klw='''
 
·        dqN izkf.k;ksa ¼d’ks:dh½ ds izkFkfed mlkbV ds dsUnzdks esa v)Zlw=h foHkktu dh fMIyksfVu voLFkk esa gksrk gS A ;s ’kqdzk.kq dksf”kdk o ,sflVkcqysfj;k ds egkdsUnzd esa Hkh ik;s tkrs gSa A
 
·        ywi ds vkdkj dh lajpuk;s xq.klw= fcUnq ds nksuksa vkSj vr% ;s cqz’k leku fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
 
·        dk;Z ihrd ]izksVhu o vkj-,u-,- la’ys"k.k A
 
'''lgk;d xq.klw= ¼B xq.klw=½'''
 
·        [kkst & foylu] lkekU; xq.klw=ksa ds vykok vU; NksVs & NksVs xq.klw= &
 
·        ;s gsVsjksdzksesfVu izd`fRr ds gksrs gS
 
·        eDdk o dqN dhVks esa A '''egRoiw.kZ iz’u'''
 
1-    lksysukbM fdl lajpuk ls laEc/k j[krs gSaA& ¼v½ dsunzd ¼c½ ¼l½ dzksesfVu ¼n½ U;wfDyvksbM
 
2-    dzksesfVu gsrq mi;qDr jatd gS & ¼v½ dsUnzd ¼c½ ,slhVksdkjehu ¼l½ ykbVxzhu ¼n½ Cy;w
 
3-    thok.kq esa vuqifLFkr gksrk gS &  ¼v½ Mh-,u-,- ¼c½ vkj-,u-, ¼l½ fgLVksuizksVhu ¼n½ lHkh
 
4-    ladksf’kdh dk mnkgj.k gS &    ¼v½ okmpsfj;k’kSoky ¼c½ jsf[kr is’kh ¼l½ ,sLdsfjl dksf”kdk ¼n½ lHkh
 
5-    jkbckslkse dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS &¼v½ dsUnzhdk ¼c½ xq.klw= ¼l½ gSVsjksdzksesfVu ¼n½ lHkh
 
6-    vkuqokaf’kd :i ls lfdz; LFky dgykrk gS&  ¼v½ dzksesfVu ¼c½ ;qdzksesfVu ¼l½ gsVsjksdzksesfVu ¼n½ lHkh
 
7-    ,d v)Zlw=h esa Mh-,u-,- ds v.kq gksrs gSa & ¼v½ ,d ¼c½ nks ¼l½ rhu ¼n½ pkj
 
8-    dsUnzd f>Yyh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS& ¼v½ ekbVksdksfUMª;k ¼c½ xkYthkdkW; ¼l½ ER ¼n½ ykblkslkse
 
9-    ySEiczq’k xq.klw= dk dk;Z gS & ¼v½ ihrd fuekZ.k ¼c½ DNA la’ys"k.k ¼l½ izksVhu fuekZ.k ¼n½ 1 o 3
 
10-  euq"; esa vkWVkslkse dh ls[;k gS & ¼v½ 42 ¼c½ 44 ¼l½ 46 ¼n½ 48
 
11-  xq.klw= ftlesa ,d Hkqtk ikbZ tkrh gS ] o lsUVªksfe;j ,d fljs ij fLFkr gksrk gS & ¼v½,sdzkslsfUªVd¼c½esVklsfUMªd ¼l½ lcesVklsUVªhd ¼n½ VhykslsfUVªd
 
12-  tc xq.klw= V vkdkj ds fn[kkbZ ns A¼v½,sdzkslsfUªVd¼c½esVklsfUMªd ¼l½ lcesVklsUVªhd ¼n½ VhykslsfUVªd
 
13-  U;wfDy;kslkse izfr:i fn;k & ¼v½ dkuZcxZ o Fkkel ¼c½ chMy&VkVl ¼l½ vkmMsV o vU; ¼n½ lHkh
 
14-  tUrqvksa esa cq<kis ds fy;s mrjnk;h gS ^& ¼v½ dzkseksfe;j ¼c½ lsUVªksfe;j ¼l½ Vhyksfe;j ¼n½ NOR
 
15-  jkbckslkse dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS & ¼v½ dsUnzd ¼c½ dsUnzhdk ¼l½ ER ¼n½ xkYth
 
16-  gSVsjksdzksesfVu dh [kkst dh & ¼v½ ghVt us ¼c½ ’kqYt us ¼l½ ¶ysfex ¼n½ ckj us
 
17-  ,d ;qXed esa mifLFkr vxqf.kr xq.klw=ksa dk leqPp; dgykrk gS & ¼v½thuiqy¼c½thuvko`fRr¼l½thukse ¼n½ lHkh
 
18-  ETS – dk vfUre bysDVªkWu xzkgh gS & ¼v½ cyt-b ¼c½ cyt-d ¼l½ FAD ¼n½ O<sub>2</sub>
 
19-  DNA izfrd`frdj.k dh [kkst dh & ¼v½ cSDVhfj;ksQst ¼c½ okbjl ¼l½ Vh-,e-oh- ¼n½ bZ&dksykbZ esa
 
20-  r –RNA dk lxzg.k gksrk gs & ¼v½ dsUnzd ¼c½ dsaUnzhdk ¼l½ ER ¼n½ xkYth
 
'''mRrj &% 1- l] 2- c] 3- l] 4- v] 5- v] 6- c] 7- v] 8- l] 9 n] 10- c] 11- v] 12- n] 13- v] 14- l'''
 
'''15- c] 16- v] 17-l] 18- n] 19- n] 20- c A'''
 
'''dksf'kdk ds lzkoh inkFkZ'''
 
·        ikniks esa mikip;h fdz;kvksa ds QyLo:i inkFkksaZ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ] ftudk lEcU/k iks"k.k o o`f) ls ughsa gksrk mUgs lzkoh inkFkZ dgrs gS] ;s FkSyh leku lajpukvksa ;k xzafUFk;ksa esa ik;s tkrs gS ]tSls & ,atkbe] edjUn vkfn A
 
·        ''',atkbe &'''  lkekUr;% izksVhu tks tSo mRizsjd dh rjg dk;Z djrsa gS A
 
·        '''edjUn &''' edjUn xzfUFk;ksa }kjk lzkfor ehBk dkcZfud inkFkZ ftlesa lqdzksl ]Xyqdksl o QqDVksl gksrk gS A
 
'''mRlthZ inkFkZ ¼excretory produet½'''
 
·        ,sls inkFkZ tks ikniks ds fy;s vuko’;d gksrs gS] ;s inkFkZ ikniksa es lafpr gks tkrs gS ] ;s mRlthZ inkFkZ ukbVªkstuh ;k foukbVªkstuh gks ldrs gS ] ;s inkFkZ euq"; gsrq ykHkdkjh gksrs gs ] tSls & ,sYdsykbM ] xksan ] jsftu ] Vsfuu] {kSVsDl o [kfut fdzLVyA
 
'''¼1½ ,YdsykbM &''' ukbVªkstuh mRlthZ inkFkZ dM+os gksrs gS A
 
·        '''D; &''' fludksuk Nky ¼eysfj;k mipkj½
 
·        '''ekQhZu &''' isiosj lkseuhQsj; dPps Qy ¼nnZuk’kd o funzkdkjh½
 
·        '''fudksfVu &''' ¼rEckdw & funzkdkjh & nnZgkjh½
 
·        ''',sVªksihu &''' ¼,sVªksik tM ls & vkW[kksa  o raf=dk mRrstuk½
 
·        '''jsljfQu &''' ¼jkMYQh;k ljisUVkbuk & mPp jDr nkc de djus esa½
 
·        '''VssDlkWy &''' VsDll ikni & dsaljjks/kh nok
 
·        '''FksbZu &'''  pk; dh ifRr;ksa ls
 
'''¼2½  xksan &''' lsyqykst ls cuh ikni dksf”kdk fHkfRr ds u"V gksus ls] ok;q ds lEidZ es vkus
 
'''            ''' ij dBksj gks tkrk A
 
'''¼3½  jsftUl &''' dkcksZgkbVªsM O;qwRiUu  ¼dukMk ckyle o ghax½
 
'''¼4½  VsfuUl &''' dMos o d"kk; gksrs gS A ¼dPps Qyksa esa budh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gS ]
 
'''            ''' peM+k m|ksx esa L;kgh fuekZ.k es mi;ksx A
 
'''¼5½  ySVsDl &''' ;s ’osr dkcZfud inkFkZ gksrs gS ] jcj ,d izdkj dk ysVsDl gh gS] ysVsDl ftu
 
'''            ''' ikniksa ls izkIr gksrk gS ] mUgSa * isVªks ikni * dgrs gS ] tSls & ;qQksjfc;k ]vkWd ]
 
            dusj vkfnA
 
'''¼6½  [kfut fdzLVy&''' dqN ikniksa esa vif’k"V inkFkZ dksf”kdk fHkfRr ] eTtk ] jEHk vkfn esa
 
'''                  ''' vdkcZfud gksrs gS ] ftues flfydk ]dSfYl;e dkcksZusV]
 
                   dSfYl;e vkWDlsysV izeq[k gS A
 
·        flfydk teko dksf”kdk fHkfRr esa ¼xzfeuh dqy½
 
·        dsfYl;e dkcksZusV dksf”kdk fHkfRr ij vaxwj ds xqPNs leku fdzLVy ¼fLkLVksfyFk½ & djsyk ] cjxn o jcj ds isM+ dh ifRr;ksa ij A
 
·        dsfYl;e vkWDlsysV fdzLVy *eTtk* o jEHk mRrdksa esa ;s ¼1½ lwbz vkdkj ¼jsQkbMl½ & tydqaHkh ]vjch ] tehdUn ] fiLVh;kA
 
·        LQhjksfdzLVy@Mªqlsl & rkjs uqek@xksykdkj A tSls& iihrk ] ,Vªksik ikni A
 
'''           p;ukRed egRoiw.kZ iz’u'''
 
1-     jSQkbMl cus gksrs gS & ¼v½ dSfYl;e vkWDlsysV ¼c½ dSfYl;e dkcksZusV ¼l½ flfydk ¼n½ jsftu ls
 
2-     *ekse* ,d izdkj dk gS & ¼v½ izksVhu O;qRiUu ¼c½ olk O;qRiUu ¼l½ vEy O;qRiUu ¼n½ lHkh
 
3-     ,sVªksihu nok izkIr gksrh gs & ¼v½ fludksuk Nky ¼c½ fludksuk tM+ ¼l½ ,sVªksik tM+ ¼n½ LkHkh
 
4-     *djsys* esa dsfYl;e dkcksZusV dsa fdzLVy gS & ¼v½ jsQkbMl ¼c½ flLVksfy;k ¼l½ MªqlsZl ¼n½ lHkh
 
5-     ,sUtkbe lkekUr;% cus gksrs gS & ¼v½ izksVhu ¼c½ olk ¼l½ ysVsDl ¼n½ lHkh
 
6-     dukMk ckyle o ghax fdl izdkj ds ikni mRlthZ gS & ¼v½ ysVsDl ¼c½ xksan ¼l½ jsftUl
 
7-     ,d ,sYdsykbM tks dSUlj jks/kh gS & ¼v½ D; ¼c½ VsDlky ¼l½ FkhbZu ¼n½ ,sVªksihu
 
8-     vaxqj esa dSfYl;e dkcksZusV ds vaxwj leku xqPNs dgykrs gS & ¼v½ jsQkbM ¼c½ flLVkfyFk ¼l½ MªqlsZl
 
9-     isVªks ikniks esa lkekUr;% ik;k tkrk gS & ¼v½ ,sYdsYkbM ¼c½jsftu ¼l½ ysVsDl ¼n½ lHkh
 
10-   xzfeuh dqy dh dksf”kdk fHkfRr esa tek gksrs gS &¼v½ flfydk ¼c½ dSfYl;e dkcksZusV ¼l½ vkWDlsysV
 
11-   ghsax izkIr gksrk gS &¼v½ Qs:yk dh tM+ ls ¼c½ Qs:yk rus ls ¼l½ Qs:yk iq"i ¼n½ lHkh
 
12-   izksVhu cgqyd gksrs gS & ¼v½ olh; vEy ¼c½ vEy ¼l½ ,ehuksa vEy ¼n½ olk  
 
13-   eksQhZu ,d nok gS & ¼v½ funzkdkjd o nnZ fuokjd ¼c½ eysfj;k ¼l½ mPp jDr pki ¼n½ lHkh 
 
14-   thonzO; esa lokZf/kd ek=k gS & ¼v½ izksVhu ¼c½ olk ¼l½ vEy ¼n½ lsdsjkbM
 
15-   D; gksrk gS & ¼v½ jsthu ¼c½ ,sYdsykbM ¼l½ ysVsDl ¼n½ alHkh
 
    '''mRrj &% 1- v 2- c 3- l 4- c 5- v 6- l 7- c 8- v 9- l 10- v  11- v 12- l 13- v 14- v 15- v'''
 
== ATOM Agriculture & Medical classes Kuchaman City ,-call-9636833366 ==
 
'''कोशिका विज्ञान''' (Cytology) या '''कोशिका जैविकी''' (Cell biology) में [[कोशिका]]ओं के शरीरक्रियात्मक गुणों (physiological properties), संरचना, कोशिकांगों (organelles), वाह्य पर्यावरण के साथ क्रियाओं, जीवनचक्र, [[कोशिका विभाजन|विभाजन]] तथा मृत्यु का वैज्ञानिक अध्यन किया जाता है। यह अध्ययन सूक्ष्म तथा आणविक स्तरों पर किया जाता है।