"सलजूक़ साम्राज्य": अवतरणों में अंतर
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My name Pankaj suyal.village.bhadrakot टैग: मोबाइल संपादन मोबाइल वेब संपादन |
Bluelinking 2 books for verifiability.) #IABot (v2.1alpha3 |
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पंक्ति 44:
| stat_year1 = 1080 est.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of world-systems research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=223 |url =http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|accessdate=13 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=496|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|author=Rein Taagepera|authorlink=Rein Taagepera|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 3900000
| common_languages = *[[फ़ारसी]] <small>(oआधिकारिक और अदालती भाषा; सामान्य भाषा)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |editor-last=Savory |editor-first=R. M. |title=Introduction to Islamic Civilisation |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00savo_0/page/82 82] |isbn=0-521-20777-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00savo_0/page/82 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |title=Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit and Conflict |location= |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2004 |isbn=0-471-67186-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/bankingonbaghdad00edwi/page/38 38] |url=https://archive.org/details/bankingonbaghdad00edwi/page/38 }}</ref><ref name="Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in ''UNESCO History of Humanity'', Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)."</ref></small>
* [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz Turkish]] <small>(dynastic and military){{sfn|Stokes|2008|p=615}}<ref name="Bosworth" /><ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World'', Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; "Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule."</ref></small>
* [[अरबी]] <small>(कानून की भाषा, धर्मशास्त्र और विज्ञान)<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="Bosworth" /></small>
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