"हिन्दको भाषा": अवतरणों में अंतर

Class 12th history book in pseb bord
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पंक्ति 17:
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}}class 12th subject history in pseb bord
'''हिन्दको''' (<small>{{Nastaliq|ur|ہندکو}}, Hindko</small>) पश्चिमोत्तरी [[पाकिस्तान]] के [[ख़ैबर पख़्तूनख़्वा|ख़ैबर-पख़्तूनख़्वा]] प्रांत के हिन्दकोवी लोगों और [[अफ़ग़ानिस्तान]] के कुछ भागों में हिन्दकी लोगों द्वारा बोली जाने वाली एक [[हिन्द-आर्य भाषाएँ|हिंद-आर्य भाषा]] है। कुछ [[भाषाविज्ञान|भाषावैज्ञानिकों]] के अनुसार यह [[पंजाबी भाषा|पंजाबी]] की एक पश्चिमी उपभाषा है हालांकि इसपर कुछ विवाद भी रहा है। कुछ [[पठान|पश्तून]] लोग भी हिन्दको बोलते हैं। पंजाबी के मातृभाषी बहुत हद तक हिन्दको समझ-बोल सकते हैं।<ref name="ref04fequg">[http://books.google.com/books?id=V3re7kYO5cgC Literacy Development in a Multilingual Context: Cross-Cultural Perspectives], Aydin Yücesan Durgunoğlu, Ludo Th Verhoeven, pp. 254, Psychology Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8058-2443-8, ''... Hindko is the local language used in communication. Hindko is quite close to Punjabi, and the two are mutually intelligible. The village women said that they were reading in Punjabi because they believed that Hindko was not a written language. This is not true, however, as there is some litrature in Hindko ...''</ref> दुनिया भर में अनुमानित २०-५० लाख लोग हिन्दको बोलते हैं।<ref name="ref76filux">[http://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC Language in South Asia], Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, S. N. Sridhar, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-78141-1, ''... Other major North- Western Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Pakistan are Hindko (1981: 2.4 million), a name applied with no great precision to a range of related languages/dialects spoken in the North-West Frontier Province and in the city of Peshawar ...''</ref><ref name="ref18hocax">[http://books.google.com/books?id=fEZt49MVZIAC Pakistan: A Hard Country], Anatol Lieven, PublicAffairs, 2011, ISBN 978-1-61039-021-7, ''... the 3 million or so Hazara (who speak Hindko, a language more closely related to Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu) ...''</ref><ref name="ref88heger">[http://books.google.com/books?id=vl-8rypoHY0C The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space], Nezar AlSayyad, Taylor &amp; Francis, 2011, ISBN 978-0-415-77935-7, ''... Hindko is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern Pakistan by about five million people. It is the old language of the historic city of Peshawar ...''</ref>