"इन्द्रप्रस्थ": अवतरणों में अंतर
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टैग: Reverted मोबाइल संपादन मोबाइल वेब संपादन |
टैग: Reverted मोबाइल संपादन मोबाइल वेब संपादन |
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पंक्ति 40:
== स्थान ==
Purana Qila is certainly an ancient settlement but archaeological studies performed there since the 1950s{{efn|Archaeological surveys were carried out in 1954-1955 and between 1969 and 1973.<ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi: Ancient History |editor-first=Upinder |editor-last=Singh |editor-link=Upinder Singh |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2006 |isbn=9788187358299 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C}}</ref>}}{{efn|The 1954-1955 sessions revealed pottery of the [[Painted Grey Ware]] (before c.600 BCE), [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (c.600-200 BCE), [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]], and [[Kushan Empire]] periods. The 1969-1973 sessions failed to reach the PGW levels, but found continuous occupation from the NBPW period to the 19th century: the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]-period settlement yielded mud-brick and [[wattle-and-daub]] houses, brick drains, wells, figurines of terracotta, a stone carving, a [[stamp seal]] impression, and a copper coin.<ref name="Ghosh1990" />}} have failed to reveal structures and artefacts that would confirm the architectural grandeur and rich lives in the period that the ''Mahabharata'' describes. The historian [[Upinder Singh]] notes that despite the academic debate, "Ultimately, there is no way of conclusively proving or disproving whether the Pandavas or Kauravas ever lived ...".<ref name="Singh2006intro"/> However, it is possible that the main part of the ancient city has not been reached by excavations so far, but rather falls under the unexcavated area extending directly to the south of Purana Qila.{{efn|Historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] quotes archaeologist [[B. B. Lal]]'s suggestion, "the main part of the city must probably have been to the south – through the Humayun Gate towards [[Humayun's Tomb]] [...] where the [[National Zoological Park Delhi|Zoo]] and Sundernagar are now."<ref name="Dalrymple2003">{{cite book|author=William Dalrymple|title=City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVvUJVmVr8kC&pg=PT370|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-12701-8|page=370}}</ref>}} Overall, Delhi has been the center of the area where the ancient city has historically been estimated to be. Until 1913, a village called ''Indrapat'' existed within the fort walls.<ref name="Delhi village">{{cite book|title=''Delhi city guide''|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Delhi_City_Guide/biFuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Eicher%20Delhi%20City%20Guide|year=1998|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited, Delhi Tourism|isbn=81-900601-2-0|page=162}}</ref> As of 2014, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] is continuing excavation in Purana Qila.<ref name=ASI>{{cite news|last=Tankha|first=Madhur|title=The discovery of Indraprastha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/the-discovery-of-indraprastha/article5772895.ece|access-date=14 March 2014|newspaper=The HIndu|date=11 March 2014}}</ref>
== एतिहासिक महत्व ==
Indraprastha is not only known from the ''Mahabharata.'' It is also mentioned as "Indapatta" or "Indapattana" in [[Pali]]-language Buddhist texts, where it is described as the capital of the [[Kuru Kingdom]],<ref name="Raychaudhuri1950">{{cite book|author=H.C. Raychaudhuri|title=Political History of Ancient India: from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|date=1950|publisher=University of Calcutta|pages=41, 133}}</ref> situated on the Yamuna River.<ref name="Chandra1977">{{cite book|author=Moti Chandra|title=Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&pg=PA77|year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-055-6|page=77}}</ref> The Buddhist literature also mentions Hatthinipura ([[Hastinapura]]) and several smaller towns and villages of the Kuru kingdom.<ref name="Raychaudhuri1950" /> Indraprastha may have been known to the Greco-Roman world as well: it is thought to be mentioned in [[Ptolemy]]'s [[Geography (Ptolemy)|''Geography'']] dating from the 2nd century CE as the city "Indabara", possibly derived from the [[Prakrit]] form "Indabatta", and which was probably in the vicinity of Delhi.<ref name="McCrindle1885">{{cite book|author=J. W. McCrindle|title=Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5077|year=1885|publisher=Thacker, Spink, & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5077/page/n143 128]}}</ref> Upinder Singh (2004) describes this equation of Indabara with Indraprastha as "plausible".<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=The discovery of ancient India: early archaeologists and the beginnings of archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=67}}</ref> Indraprastha is also named as a pratigana (district) of the Delhi region in a Sanskrit inscription dated to 1327 CE, discovered in Raisina area of New Delhi.<ref>Singh (ed., 2006), p.186</ref>
[[D. C. Sircar]], an [[epigraphy|epigraphist]], believed Indraprastha was a significant city in the [[Mauryan]] period, based on analysis of a stone carving found in the Delhi area at [[Sriniwaspuri]] which records the reign of the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]]. Singh has cast doubt on this interpretation because the inscription does not actually refer to Indraprastha and although "... a place of importance must certainly have been located in the vicinity of the rock edict, exactly which one it was and what it was known as, is uncertain." Similarly, remains, such as an iron pillar, that have been associated with Ashoka are not indubitably so: their composition is atypical and the inscriptions are vague.<ref name="Singh2006intro" />
== इन्हें भी देखें ==
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