"रासायनिक इंजीनियरी का इतिहास": अवतरणों में अंतर
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अनुनाद सिंह (वार्ता | योगदान) नया पृष्ठ: {{अनुवाद}} 1670 राबर्ट बॉयल (Robert Boyle) ने धातु पर अम्ल की अभिक्रिया से [[हाइ... |
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==उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी से पूर्व==
1670 राबर्ट बॉयल (Robert Boyle) ने धातु पर अम्ल की अभिक्रिया से [[हाइड्रोजन]] बनाया।
1738 डेनियल बर्नौली (Daniel Bernoulli) 'हाइड्रोडाइनेमिका' (Hydrodynamica) नामक शोधपत्र प्रकाशित किया जिसमें गैसों के अणुगति सिद्धान्त (kinetic theory of gases) का आधार मौजूद था।
1 7 5 2 Joseph Black discovers “ fixed air” – carbon dioxide
1789 Antoine Lavoisier publishes Traité elémentaire de chimie
1791 Samuel Hopkins receives first U.S.patent for improvement “in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new apparatus and process”
==उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी==
1802 Eleuthere Irenee du Pont builds a gunpowder factory along the Brandywine River (Delaware)
1807 Humphry Davy obtains elemental potassium and sodium by electrolysis (and calcium, strontium,barium,and magnesium the following year)
1811 Amadeo Avogadro demonstrates that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules
1824 Sadi Carnot publishes "Réflexions sur la puissance du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance" on the thermodynamics of the steam engine
1846 Ascanio Sobrero invents nitroglycerine
1852 American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects founded (now ASCE,with 123,000 members)
1856 Bessemer process invented to cast steel
1863 Alkali Works Act passed by British government – measure to control environmental emissions
1866 Celluloid invented by Alexander Parkes
1870 Standard Oil Co.formed by John D.Rockefeller
1872 Solvay process introduced for soda ash
1876 American Chemistry Society founded (now with 163,000 members)
1880 George E. D avis unsuccessfully suggests forming a Society of Chemical Engineers; A m e r i c a n Society of Mechanical Engineers f o u n d e d
1881 Society of Chemical Industry founded
1882 Course in Chemical Te c h n o l o gy offered at University College, L o n d o n
1884 American Institute of Electrical Engineers founded (later combined with Institute of Radio Engineers to form IEEE); Solvay Process Co.opens in Syracuse,NY
1887 George E.Davis offers lectures on “chemical operations”(unit operations) at Manchester Technical School
1888 Lewis M.Norton initiates Course X,Chemical Engineering, at MIT
1891 MIT awards seven B.S.degrees in chemical engineering (first goes to William Page Bryant)
1892 University of Pennsylvania establishes program in chemical engineering
1894 Tulane University establishes chemical engineering department
1898 University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, Tufts University establish chemical engineering programs
1899 Bayer aspirin available to public
1900 John Herreshoff develops the first contact method for sulfuric acid in U.S.
1902 American Electrochemical Society founded; Monsanto begins manufacturing saccharin; 3M founded
==बीसवीं शताब्दी==
1904 The Chemical Engineer begins publication
1905 University of Wisconsin awards first Ph.D.in chemical engineering to Oliver Patterson Watts
1907 Linde Air Products founded (lat e r P r a x a i r )
1908 American Institute of Chemical Engineers founded
1910 General Bakelite Corp. established by Leo Hendrik B a e k e l a n d
1911 U . S . Supreme Court breaks up Standard Oil trust into 34 c o m p a n i e s ,i n cluding Jersey Standard and Socony (predecessors of Exxon and M o b i l )
1912 AIChE institutes code of ethics; William M. Burton patents bat c h process for thermal cracking of hydrocarbons
1913 BASF introduces Haber-Bosch process for ammonia
1915 Arthur D.Little coins term “unit operations”
1916 Société de Chimie Industrielle founded
1918 Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry is formed
1920 George Eastman buys wood- distillation plant; forms Tennessee Eastman Corp.
1921 Union Carbide begins commercial cracking of nat u r a l g a s
1922 Institution of Chemical Engineers founded; Thomas Midgely adds tetraethyl lead to gasoline to reduce engine “knock”
1923 Principles of Chemical Engineering published by William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis,and William H. McAdams
1925 Warren L. McCabe and Ernest W. Thiele combine grap h i c a l methods with experimental d ata to determine number of theoretical plates needed to establish given concentrat i o n difference in a distillat i o n column; Fi s c h e r- Tr o p s c h synthesis for indirect coal liquefaction developed; 3M introduces Scotch Masking Tape
1928 Donald F. Othmer constructs “the first simple,precise system for determining vapor- liquid equilibria”
1931 Walter L.Badger and Warren L. McCabe publish Elements of Chemical Engineering
1934 John H. Perry publishes first edition of Chemical Engineering Handbook
1937 Houdry catalytic cracker is installed at a Sun Oil plant
1939 DuPont begins production of polyamide nylon; Imperial Chemical Industries begins production of low-density polyethylene
1940 Nylon stockings go on sale – with almost 800,000 pairs sold on the first day
1941 Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M.Synge develop liquid- liquid partition chromatography; Dow extracts magnesium from seawater on commercial scale
1942 Manhattan Project is formed; Society of Plastics Sales Engineers founded (later Society of Plastics Engineers)
1943 D u Pont produces p o l y ( t e t r a fluoroethylene) (Te flo n )
1944 Dow Corning begins industrial- scale manufacture of silicone used for sealant
1947 Fischer-Tropsch process used to generate hydrocarbons; Chemical Engineering Progress begins publication,as well as Vol.1 of Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; ship loaded with ammonium nitrate explodes,destroying Monsanto plant in Texas City and killing more than 500 people
1948 Transistor invented
1950 Society of Women Engineers founded
1951 DuPont manufactures poly(ethylene terephthalate) – first polyester
1955 American Academy of Environmental Engineers formed
1957 General Electric introduces polycarbonate plastics
1959 Monsanto opens plant to produce ultra-pure silicon
1960 R . Byron Bird, Warren E. S t e w a r t , and Edwin N. Lightfoot publish Transport Phenomena; silicon microchip invented
1962 Silent Spring published by Rachel C a r s o n , highlighting the dangers of unsafe environmental practices; Eugene Houdry patents cat a l y t i c c o n v e r t e r
1965 DuPont introduces Kevlar
1966 Monsanto introduces AstroTurf, based on carpet-fiber technology
1970 Clean Air Act enacted; AIChE forms Environmental Div.; first Earth Day
1971 Society of Black Engineers formed (later National Society of Black Engineers)
1972 Clean Water Act passed
1973 Arab oil embargo
1974 Unleaded gasoline introduced; Society of Mexican A m e r i c a n Engineers and Scientists and Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers formed
1975 Optical fibers developed
1976 Resources Conservation & Recovery Act passed; Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems formed at AIChE; National Academy of Sciences reports on deleterious effect of chlorofluorocarbons on ozone layer
1978 Design Institute for Physical Property Data (DIPPR) formed at AIChE; chloroflu o r o c a r b o n s banned
1979 Human insulin synthesized
1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA) passed; 3M introduces Post-It Notes
1981 D u Pont buys Conoco Inc., n e a r l y doubling its assets and r e v e n u e s
1982 Monsanto scientists genetically modify plant cell for the first time
1984 A gas leak from a tank of methyl isocyanate at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal,India results in 3,800 deaths
1985 Center for Chemical Process Safety formed at AIChE
1986 Reactor core melts down in Chernobyl,Ukraine nuclear power plant
1988 American Chemistry Council launches Responsible Care initiative; National Academy of Engineering publishes Frontiers of Chemical Engineering (Amundson Report)
1989 Exxon Valdez runs aground in A l a s k a , releasing more than 11 million gallons of crude oil; Procter & Gamble introduces bottle made completely of r e cy cled PET
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments; Pollution Prevention Act passed
1994 Advocates for Women in Science,Engineering and Mathematics founded
1995 D ow Corning files for bankruptcy ; D ow takes over three companies in former East Germany
1997 Monsanto spins off chemicals business as Solutia to concentrate on life sciences
1998 Exxon and Mobil merge; DuPont introduces first once- daily treatment for HIV and AIDS
1999 Dow and Union Carbide merge
2001 Human Genome Project completed; DuPont announces intent to sell pharmaceuticals business to Bristol-Myers Squibb
==बाहरी कड़ियाँ==
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