सहायता:IPA for Dutch and Afrikaans

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch and Afrikaans pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Dutch phonology and Afrikaans phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch and Afrikaans.

Consonants
IPA			Examples	English approximation
North	South	Afrikaans	Examples	English approximation
b			beet	beet
d			dak	den
f		f	fiets	fast
v		f	ver,^[1] hawe (Af.)	oven
x	ç	χ	acht^[2], weg^[3]	loch (Scottish English) ~ hue
ɣ	ʝ	χ	gaan^[4]	roughly like Spanish rasgo ~ ayuda
ɦ			had^[1]	behind
j			jas	yard
k			kat	skin
l			land	land
m			mens	man
n			nek^[5]	neck
ŋ			eng	long
p			pen, rib^[3]	sport
r			ras^[6]	water (American English)
s		s	sok	sock
z		s	zeep^[1]	jazz
t			tak, had^[3]	stop
ʋ	w	v	wang^[7]	wing; velvet (Af.)
Marginal consonants
ʔ			beëindig^[8] [bəˈʔɛindəx]	the catch in uh-oh!
ɡ			goal^[9]	goal
ʃ			sjabloon, chef^[10]	shall
ʒ			jury^[1]^[10]	vision
tʃ			check, Tsjechië, tjek (Af.)	chat
dʒ			Jakarta	jump
Stress
ˈ			vóórkomen voorkómen^[11]	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			vóórkomen voorkómen^[11]	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

Vowels
IPA			Examples	English approximation
North	South	Afr	Examples	English approximation
Checked vowels^[12]
ɑ		ɐ	bad^[13]	father; duck (Af.)
ɛ			bed	bed
ɪ		ə	vis	fish; again (Af.)
ɔ		o	bot	soft; roughly like saw (British English)
ʏ		œ	hut	roughly like united
Free vowels^[12]
aː		ɑː	aap^[13]	father
		æː	perd (Af.)	jazz
eː		eə	beet, ezel^[14]	mate; fair (Af.)
		ɛː	werk (Af.)	says
i			diep	happy
oː		oə	boot^[14]	roughly like law (British English), more
		ɔː	môre (Af.)	law
y			fuut	roughly like cute
øː		eø	neus^[14]	roughly like nurse; roughly like mayor
u			hoed	boot
ɛi			bijt, ei; byt (Af.)	may
œy		œj	buit	No English equivalent
ʌu	ɔu	ɵu	jou, dauw	out; boat (South Nl./Af.)
ə			hemel	again
Marginal vowels
		ɐ	Wikipedia	cut
ʊː^[14]	oː	ʊə	voor	poor (British English) (Af.)
ɔː	oː	?	roze^[15]	law; roughly like law (British English)
ɪː^[14]	eː	ɪə	heer	serious
ʏː^[14]	øː		deur	roughly like united; roughly like sir
ɛː			scène,^[15] nê (Af.)	says
œː		øə	freule^[15]	roughly like sir
iː			analyse^[15]	beat
yː			centrifuge^[15]	roughly like use
ɑ̃ː			genre^[15]	roughly like croissant
ɛ̃ː			hautain^[15]	uh-huh
ɔ̃ː			chanson^[15]	roughly like own
æ			slash^[15]	like in English

Notes

↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ ^ई In some northern dialects, the voiced fricatives have almost completely merged with the voiceless ones; /ɦ/ is usually realized as [h], /v/ is usually realized as [f], /z/ is usually realized as [s].
↑ The sound spelled ‹ch› is a voiceless velar fricative [x] or voiceless uvular fricative [χ] in Northern Dutch, and a voiceless palatal fricative [ç] in Southern Dutch, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [baːrdən] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [rɪbən] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦətfeː].
↑ In the North /ɣ/ is usually realized as [x] or [χ], whereas in the South the distinction between /ʝ/ and /ç/ has been preserved. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
↑ The final ‹n› of the plural ending -en is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic [n̩] sound. In Afrikaans it is also dropped in the written language.
↑ The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar trill [r] or as a uvular trill [ʀ]. In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar tap [ɾ] or even as an alveolar approximant [ɹ].
↑ The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Belgian Dutch uses the voiced labiovelar approximant [w]
↑ The glottal stop [ʔ] is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words and often also at the beginning of a word.
↑ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch or Afrikaans and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [zɑɡduk]. In Afrikaans it may occur as an allophone of /χ/
↑ ^अ ^आ /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not native phonemes of Dutch, and usually occur in borrowed words, like show and bagage ('baggage'). Even then, they are usually realized as [sʲ] and [zʲ], respectively. However, /s/ + /j/ sequences in Dutch are often realized as [sʲ], like in the word huisje ('little house'). In dialects that merge /s/ and /z/, [zʲ] is often realized as [sʲ].^{[उद्धरण चाहिए]}
↑ When the penultimate syllable is open, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables. When the penultimate syllable is closed, stress falls on either of the last two syllables. While stress is phonemic, minimal pairs are rare. For example vóórkomen /ˈvʊːrkoːmə(n)/ "to occur" and voorkómen /vʊːrˈkoːmə(n)/ "to prevent". In composite words, secondary stress is often present. Marking the stress in written Dutch is optional, never obligatory, but sometimes recommended.
↑ ^अ ^आ The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels). These two sets also go by the names dull/sharp, dim/clear, lax/tense, closed/open, or short/long. One of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the terms long and short traditionally used to explain the use of doubled consonants and vowels in the orthographic system.
↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ The near-open central vowel [ɐ] is an allophone of unstressed /aː/ and /ɑ/.
↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ ^ई ^उ ^ऊ When the vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ precede /r/, they are pronounced [ɪː], [ʏː] and [ʊː], respectively.
↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ ^ई ^उ ^ऊ ^ए ^ऐ ^ओ Found in loanwords.

साँचा:IPA keys horizontal

[fricatives-1] अ ^आ ^इ ^ई In some northern dialects, the voiced fricatives have almost completely merged with the voiceless ones; /ɦ/ is usually realized as [h], /v/ is usually realized as [f], /z/ is usually realized as [s].

[ch-2] The sound spelled ‹ch› is a voiceless velar fricative [x] or voiceless uvular fricative [χ] in Northern Dutch, and a voiceless palatal fricative [ç] in Southern Dutch, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.

[devoice-3] अ ^आ ^इ Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [baːrdən] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [rɪbən] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦətfeː].

[4] In the North /ɣ/ is usually realized as [x] or [χ], whereas in the South the distinction between /ʝ/ and /ç/ has been preserved. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.

[5] The final ‹n› of the plural ending -en is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic [n̩] sound. In Afrikaans it is also dropped in the written language.

[6] The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar trill [r] or as a uvular trill [ʀ]. In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar tap [ɾ] or even as an alveolar approximant [ɹ].

[w-7] The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Belgian Dutch uses the voiced labiovelar approximant [w]

[8] The glottal stop [ʔ] is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words and often also at the beginning of a word.

[9] /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch or Afrikaans and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [zɑɡduk]. In Afrikaans it may occur as an allophone of /χ/

[postalveolar-10] अ ^आ /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not native phonemes of Dutch, and usually occur in borrowed words, like show and bagage ('baggage'). Even then, they are usually realized as [sʲ] and [zʲ], respectively. However, /s/ + /j/ sequences in Dutch are often realized as [sʲ], like in the word huisje ('little house'). In dialects that merge /s/ and /z/, [zʲ] is often realized as [sʲ].^{[उद्धरण चाहिए]}

[11] When the penultimate syllable is open, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables. When the penultimate syllable is closed, stress falls on either of the last two syllables. While stress is phonemic, minimal pairs are rare. For example vóórkomen /ˈvʊːrkoːmə(n)/ "to occur" and voorkómen /vʊːrˈkoːmə(n)/ "to prevent". In composite words, secondary stress is often present. Marking the stress in written Dutch is optional, never obligatory, but sometimes recommended.

[checked-12] अ ^आ The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels). These two sets also go by the names dull/sharp, dim/clear, lax/tense, closed/open, or short/long. One of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the terms long and short traditionally used to explain the use of doubled consonants and vowels in the orthographic system.

[aa-13] अ ^आ ^इ The near-open central vowel [ɐ] is an allophone of unstressed /aː/ and /ɑ/.

[rhotic-14] अ ^आ ^इ ^ई ^उ ^ऊ When the vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ precede /r/, they are pronounced [ɪː], [ʏː] and [ʊː], respectively.

[loanwords-15] अ ^आ ^इ ^ई ^उ ^ऊ ^ए ^ऐ ^ओ Found in loanwords.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]