प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
एक अणु में परमाणुओं का समूह जो विशिष्ट रासायनिक गुण प्रदान करता है
कार्बनिक रसायन में, किसी अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुओं या बन्धों का वह विशिष्ट समूह जो उस कार्बनिक यौगिक के रासायनिक गुणों का निर्धारण करता है, प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहलाता है। विभिन्न अणुओं में उपस्थित प्रकार्यात्मक समूह एक ही या समान रासायनिक अभिक्रिया प्रदर्शित करेगा, चाहे अणु का आकार छोटा हो या बड़ा।
प्रमुख प्रकार्यात्मक समूहों की सारणी
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ऐल्केन Alkane |
Alkyl | R(CH2)nH | alkyl- | -ane | Ethane | |
ऐल्कीन Alkene |
Alkenyl | R2C=CR2 | alkenyl- | -ene | Ethylene (Ethene) | |
ऐल्काइन Alkyne |
Alkynyl | RC≡CR' | alkynyl- | -yne | Acetylene (Ethyne) | |
बेंजीन व्युत्पाद Benzene derivative |
फेनिल Phenyl |
RC6H5 RPh |
phenyl- | -benzene | Cumene (2-phenylpropane) | |
टॉल्यूइन व्युत्पाद Toluene |
बेंजिल Benzyl |
RCH2C6H5 RBn |
benzyl- | 1-(substituent)toluene | Benzyl bromide (α-Bromotoluene) |
हाइड्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
haloalkane | halo | RX | halo- | alkyl halide | Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) | |
fluoroalkane | fluoro | RF | fluoro- | alkyl fluoride | Fluoromethane (Methyl fluoride) | |
chloroalkane | chloro | RCl | chloro- | alkyl chloride | Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) | |
bromoalkane | bromo | RBr | bromo- | alkyl bromide | Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) | |
iodoalkane | iodo | RI | iodo- | alkyl iodide | Iodomethane (Methyl iodide) |
आक्सीजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ऐल्कोहॉल Alcohol |
Hydroxyl | ROH | hydroxy- | -ol | Methanol | |
कीटोन Ketone |
Carbonyl | RCOR' | -oyl- (-COR') or oxo- (=O) |
-one | Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) | |
ऐल्डिहाइड Aldehyde |
ऐल्डिहाइड | RCHO | formyl- (-COH) or oxo- (=O) |
-al | Acetaldehyde (Ethanal) | |
Acyl halide | Haloformyl | RCOX | carbonofluoridoyl- carbonochloridoyl- carbonobromidoyl- carbonoiodidoyl- |
-oyl halide | Acetyl chloride (Ethanoyl chloride) | |
Carbonate | Carbonate ester | ROCOOR | (alkoxycarbonyl)oxy- | alkyl carbonate | Triphosgene (bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate) | |
Carboxylate | Carboxylate | RCOO− | |
carboxy- | -oate | Sodium acetate (Sodium ethanoate) |
Carboxylic acid | Carboxyl | RCOOH | carboxy- | -oic acid | Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid) | |
Ester | Ester | RCOOR' | alkanoyloxy- or alkoxycarbonyl |
alkyl alkanoate | Ethyl butyrate (Ethyl butanoate) | |
Methoxy | Methoxy | ROCH3 | methoxy- | |||
Hydroperoxide | Hydroperoxy | ROOH | hydroperoxy- | alkyl hydroperoxide | tert-Butyl hydroperoxide | |
Peroxide | Peroxy | ROOR | peroxy- | alkyl peroxide | Di-tert-butyl peroxide | |
Ether | Ether | ROR' | alkoxy- | alkyl ether | Diethyl ether (Ethoxyethane) | |
Hemiacetal | Hemiacetal | RCH(OR')(OH) | alkoxy -ol | -al alkyl hemiacetal | ||
Hemiketal | Hemiketal | RC(ORʺ)(OH)R' | alkoxy -ol | -one alkyl hemiketal | ||
Acetal | Acetal | RCH(OR')(OR") | dialkoxy- | -al dialkyl acetal | ||
Ketal (or Acetal) | Ketal (or Acetal) | RC(ORʺ)(OR‴)R' | dialkoxy- | -one dialkyl ketal | ||
Orthoester | Orthoester | RC(OR')(ORʺ)(OR‴) | trialkoxy- | |||
Heterocycle | Methylenedioxy | PhOCOPh | methylenedioxy- | -dioxole | 1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene (1,3-Benzodioxole) | |
Orthocarbonate ester | Orthocarbonate ester | C(OR)(OR')(ORʺ)(OR″) | tetralkoxy- | tetraalkyl orthocarbonate |
नाइट्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amide | Carboxamide | RCONR2 | carboxamido- or carbamoyl- |
-amide | Acetamide (Ethanamide) | |
Amines | Primary amine | RNH2 | amino- | -amine | Methylamine (Methanamine) | |
Secondary amine | R2NH | amino- | -amine | Dimethylamine | ||
Tertiary amine | R3N | amino- | -amine | Trimethylamine | ||
4° ammonium ion | R4N+ | ammonio- | -ammonium | Choline | ||
Imine | Primary ketimine | RC(=NH)R' | imino- | -imine | ||
Secondary ketimine | RC(=NR)R' | imino- | -imine | |||
Primary aldimine | RC(=NH)H | imino- | -imine | Ethanimine | ||
Secondary aldimine | RC(=NR')H | imino- | -imine | |||
Imide | Imide | (RCO)2NR' | imido- | -imide | Succinimide (Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione) | |
Azide | Azide | RN3 | azido- | alkyl azide | Phenyl azide (Azidobenzene) | |
Azo compound | Azo (Diimide) |
RN2R' | azo- | -diazene | Methyl orange (p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid) | |
Cyanates | Cyanate | ROCN | cyanato- | alkyl cyanate | Methyl cyanate | |
Isocyanate | RNCO | isocyanato- | alkyl isocyanate | Methyl isocyanate | ||
Nitrate | Nitrate | RONO2 | nitrooxy-, nitroxy- |
alkyl nitrate |
Amyl nitrate (1-nitrooxypentane) | |
Nitrile | Nitrile | RCN | cyano- | alkanenitrile alkyl cyanide |
Benzonitrile (Phenyl cyanide) | |
Isonitrile | RNC | isocyano- | alkaneisonitrile alkyl isocyanide |
Methyl isocyanide | ||
Nitrite | Nitrosooxy | RONO | nitrosooxy- |
alkyl nitrite |
Isoamyl nitrite (3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane) | |
Nitro compound | Nitro | RNO2 | nitro- | Nitromethane | ||
Nitroso compound | Nitroso | RNO | nitroso- (Nitrosyl-) | Nitrosobenzene | ||
Pyridine derivative | Pyridyl | RC5H4N |
4-pyridyl 3-pyridyl 2-pyridyl |
-pyridine | Nicotine |
गंधक वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thiol | Sulfhydryl | RSH | sulfanyl- (-SH) |
-thiol | Ethanethiol | |
Sulfide (Thioether) |
Sulfide | RSR' | substituent sulfanyl- (-SR') |
di(substituent) sulfide | (Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfide (suffix) | |
Disulfide | Disulfide | RSSR' | substituent disulfanyl- (-SSR') |
di(substituent) disulfide | (Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl disulfide (suffix) | |
Sulfoxide | Sulfinyl | RSOR' | -sulfinyl- (-SOR') |
di(substituent) sulfoxide | (Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfoxide (suffix) | |
Sulfone | Sulfonyl | RSO2R' | -sulfonyl- (-SO2R') |
di(substituent) sulfone | (Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfone (suffix) | |
Sulfinic acid | Sulfino | RSO2H | sulfino- (-SO2H) |
-sulfinic acid | 2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid | |
Sulfonic acid | Sulfo | RSO3H | sulfo- (-SO3H) |
-sulfonic acid | Benzenesulfonic acid | |
Thiocyanate | Thiocyanate | RSCN | thiocyanato- (-SCN) |
substituent thiocyanate | Phenyl thiocyanate | |
Isothiocyanate | RNCS | isothiocyanato- (-NCS) |
substituent isothiocyanate | Allyl isothiocyanate | ||
Thione | Carbonothioyl | RCSR' | -thioyl- (-CSR') or sulfanylidene- (=S) |
-thione | Diphenylmethanethione (Thiobenzophenone) | |
Thial | Carbonothioyl | RCSH | methanethioyl- (-CSH) or sulfanylidene- (=S) |
-thial |
फॉस्फोरस वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphine (Phosphane) |
Phosphino | R3P | phosphanyl- | -phosphane | Methylpropylphosphane | |
Phosphonic acid | Phosphono | RP(=O)(OH)2 | phosphono- | substituent phosphonic acid | Benzylphosphonic acid | |
Phosphate | Phosphate | ROP(=O)(OH)2 | phosphonooxy- or O-phosphono- (phospho-) |
substituent phosphate | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix) | |
O-Phosphonocholine (prefix) (Phosphocholine) | ||||||
Phosphodiester | Phosphate | HOPO(OR)2 | [(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy- or O-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]- |
di(substituent) hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid di(substituent) ester |
DNA | |
O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑l‑serine (prefix) (Lombricine) |
बोरॉन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
संपादित करेंरासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boronic acid | Borono | RB(OH)2 | Borono- | substituent boronic acid |
||
Boronic ester | Boronate | RB(OR)2 | O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]- | substituent boronic acid di(substituent) ester |
||
Borinic acid | Borino | R2BOH | Hydroxyborino- | di(substituent) borinic acid |
||
Borinic ester | Borinate | R2BOR | O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]- | di(substituent) borinic acid substituent ester |