"लव जिहाद षडयंत्र सिद्धांत": अवतरणों में अंतर

'''लव जिहाद''' या '''रोमियो जिहाद'''{{refn |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khatun |first=Nadira |date=14 December 2018 |title='Love-Jihad' and Bollywood: Constructing Muslims as 'Other' |url=https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol22/iss3/8 |journal=Journal of Religion & Film |publisher=University of Nebraska Omaha |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1092-1311 }}</ref><ref name="Charu Gupta">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Charu |year=2009 |title=Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=51 |pages=13–15 |jstor=25663907 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><ref name="Mohan Rao">{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Mohan |date=1 October 2011 |title=Love Jihad and Demographic Fears |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=425–430 |doi=10.1177/097152151101800307 |s2cid=144012623 |issn=0971-5215}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khalid |first=Saif |date=24 August 2017 |title=The Hadiya case and the myth of 'Love Jihad' in India |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/hadiya-case-myth-love-jihad-india-170823181612279.html |work=Al Jazeera }}</ref>}} [[हिन्दुत्व|हिंदुत्ववादियों]] द्वारा बनाई गई एक [[इस्लामोफ़ोबिया|इस्लामोफोबिक]]{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" />{{rp |226–227 |q=The exponents of this conspiracy assert that innocent Hindu women are converted to Islam in order to increase the Muslim population, thereby waging jihad or holy war against Hindus (Gupta, 2009). By evoking demographic fears and anxiety, this campaign demonizes Muslims and works to advance the patriarchal idea of saving Hindu girls from an imagined Muslim menace (Das, 2010).}}<ref name="Jenkins 2019">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Laura Dudley |chapter=Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J22RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India |year=2019 |doi=10.9783/9780812296006-007 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-9600-6 |s2cid=242173559 |quote=The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge."}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajita |title=Afrazul's murder: Law and love jihad |journal=Jindal Global Law Review |date=1 April 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=77–95 |doi=10.1007/s41020-020-00114-5 |publisher=Springer |s2cid=220512241 |quote=The fake claim by the Hindu right-wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti-Muslim narrative in the country. The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims. Afrazul's killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="Upadhyay 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Nishant |title=Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India |journal=Interventions |date=18 May 2020 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=464–480 |doi=10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43040799 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=218822737 |via=Academia.edu |quote=Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right.}}</ref><ref name="Frydenlund 2018">{{cite book |last1=Frydenlund |first1=Iselin |editor1-first=Asbjørn |editor1-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=David G. |editor2-last=Robertson |editor3-first=Egil |editor3-last=Asprem |chapter=Buddhist Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes, Contexts |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |year=2018 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004382022 |s2cid=201409140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoN1DwAAQBAJ |via=Academia.edu |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37554959}}</ref>{{rp |289 |q=The third trope concerns capitalism and market competition, while the latter three consider another aspect of global Islamophobic discourses, namely that there is a plot to spread Islam around the world through population growth, or so-called Demographic Jihad. This in turn can be divided into three subfields according to the means by which Muslims are claimed to use in their Demographic Jihad to eradicate Buddhism: 'Birth Jihad', 'Rape Jihad', and 'Love Jihad'.}}|name=Islamophobia}} अप्रमाणित साजिश सिद्धांत है।है,{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi">{{Cite book |last=Farokhi |first=Zeinab |chapter=Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad" |editor-last=Boler |editor-first=Megan |pages=226–239 |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Elizabeth |title=Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-016917-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8T2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 |chapter-url-access=limited }}</ref>{{rp |226–227 |q=This chapter examines the conspiracy theory of "Love Jihad" across traditional and social media discourse in India as a way to show how affective strategies promoting Islamophobia are employed through logics of "digital governmentality" (Badouard et al., 2016). "Love Jihad" is a campaign started by right-wing Hindu nationalists in 2009 (Gökarıksel et al., 2019) alleging that Muslim men feign love to lure non-Muslim women to marry them in order to convert them to Islam (Rao, 2011).}}<ref name="Strohl 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Strohl |first=David James |date=11 October 2018 |title=Love jihad in India's moral imaginaries: religion, kinship, and citizenship in late liberalism |journal=Contemporary South Asia |publisher=Routledge |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=27–39 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1528209 |s2cid=149838857 |issn=0958-4935 }}</ref>{{rp |1–2 |q=Since at least 2009, a host of activists have used grassroots campaigns and mass-media to spread rumors throughout India of a vast conspiracy by the Muslim community to train young men to seduce, marry, and convert Hindu women. Some politicians and activists draw on these conspiracy theories to drum up support from Hindus in electoral campaigns and to fuel moralizing crusades throughout the country aimed at saving women from these imagined threats.}}<ref name="Nair Vollhardt">{{cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Rashmi |last2=Vollhardt |first2=Johanna Ray |date=6 May 2019 |title=Intersectional Consciousness in Collective Victim Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup Differences Among Disadvantaged Groups |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332904170 |journal=Political Psychology |publisher=Wiley |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=2 |doi=10.1111/pops.12593 |s2cid=164693982 |via=ResearchGate |quote=Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009).}}</ref><ref name="George hate spin">{{Cite book |last=George |first=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |title=Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy |publisher=MIT Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-262-33607-9 |pages=96–101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4wnDQAAQBAJ |url-access=limited }}</ref>{{rp |96–97 |q=The "love jihad" is a bizarre myth about a Muslim campaign to conquer Hindus by stealing their girls, one heart at a time. [...] It is apparently easier to blame a mythical love jihad conspiracy than to confront uglier truths—that the obsession with social status sometimes turns young romance into needless tragedy; or that poverty and ignorance makes families easy prey for dowry-bearing human traffickers.}}<ref name="George scourge">{{Cite book |last=George |first=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |chapter=The Scourge of Disinformation-Assisted Hate Propaganda |editor-last1=Zimdars |editor-first1=Melissa |editor-last2=McLeod |editor-first2=Kembrew |editor-link2=Kembrew McLeod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WPMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |title=Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age |publisher=MIT Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53836-7 |pages=147–148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WPMDwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited }}</ref>{{rp |147 |q=Elaborate and influential conspiracy theories have been manufactured in the United States by the Islamophobia industry about the incursion of sharia law; in India, by the Hindu Right about Muslim men mounting "love jihad" on Hindu women and girls; in Indonesia, by Muslim hard-liners about a resurgent communist threat; and in Europe, by anti-immigrant groups against sexual predators or "rapefugees."}}<ref name="Dibyesh Anand">{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Dibyesh |chapter=Pornosexualizing "The Muslim" |title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-60385-1 |pages=51, 63–69 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51}}</ref>{{rp |69 |q=If they are not conjuring this story up, why not encourage the Hindutva youth to search for the Maulavi who they accuse of ordering Muslim men to seduce Hindu girls? They do no such thing because it is clear that they are indulging in scare mongering. In the blogosphere, the tales of a love jihad conspiracy circulate without any serious questioning of what the evidence is. One extremist Web site quotes another, and when you check the second one, they would cite the first one.}}<ref name="George 2017">{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Cherian |author-link=Cherian George |title=Journalism's crisis of reason |journal=Media Asia |date=3 April 2017 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2017.1463620 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=158269410 |issn=0129-6612 }}</ref>{{rp |74 |q=One example of clever disinformation is the "love jihad" conspiracy theory. The story is that young Muslim men are seducing away innocent Hindu girls and then forcing them to convert to Islam. The grand plan is to turn India, which is now almost 80% Hindu, into a Muslim nation.}}<ref name="Television & New Media">{{cite journal |last1=Udupa |first1=Sahana |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Shriram |last3=Khan |first3=Aasim |title="Millennial India": Global Digital Politics in Context |journal=Television & New Media |publisher=SAGE |date=11 September 2019 |volume=21 |issue=4 |page=353 |doi=10.1177/1527476419870516 |doi-access=free |quote=Vigilante action is targeted against what right-wing attackers describe as "love jihad," finding cause in the conspiracy theory of conniving Muslim men seducing gullible Hindu women into marriage and submission. "Love jihad" is a violent expression of the broader politics of regulating female sexuality—a core element of online Hindu nationalism manifest variously as shaming and abuse (Udupa 2017). }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. Mohsin Alam |title=The Case for Collecting Hate Crimes Data in India |journal=Law & Policy Brief |date=1 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=9 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3367329 |publisher=[[O. P. Jindal Global University]] |ssrn=3367329 |via=Social Science Research Network |quote=A Muslim migrant worker was bludgeoned to death and his dead body set on fire, with all this being recorded on video, while his attacker blamed him for "love jihad" — a phrase used by the extremist members of Hindu right-wing organizations to refer to a conspiracy theory that Muslims are forcibly or fraudulently converting Hindu women on the pretext of marriage. }}</ref><ref name="Purewal 2020">{{cite news |last1=Purewal |first1=Navtej K. |date=3 September 2020 |title=Indian Matchmaking: a show about arranged marriages can't ignore the political reality in India |url=http://theconversation.com/indian-matchmaking-a-show-about-arranged-marriages-cant-ignore-the-political-reality-in-india-144441 |work=The Conversation UK |quote=One popular conspiracy theory shared by the Hindu right is "Love Jihad". This is the idea that Muslim men target women belonging to non-Muslim communities to convert them to Islam by feigning love. It is an invention to incite suspicion and hatred against Muslims in India. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Byatnal |first1=Amruta |date=13 October 2013 |title=Hindutva vigilantes target Hindu-Muslim couples |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hindutva-vigilantes-target-hindumuslim-couples/article5231849.ece |issn=0971-751X |quote=They see themselves as warriors against what they call "Love Jihad," a conspiracy theory floated by Hindutva groups like the Hindu Janjagruti Samiti which claims that Muslim men lure Hindu women into marriage with the aim of increasing their own population. }}</ref>|name=conspiracy theory}}{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Strohl 2018" />{{rp |4 |q=As I explore below, a variety of moral entrepreneurs further the Hindutva cause by stoking fears about love jihad to further marginalize Muslims, mobilize Hindu voters, and renew people's commitments to traditional religious values. I situate these activities within a broader range of Hindutva campaigns in contemporary India and discuss the ways in which earlier Hindu majoritarian campaigns to 'save' women prefigure the current uproar about love jihad.}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |date=1 July 2018 |title=Is Love without Borders Possible? |journal=Feminist Review |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0120-0 |s2cid=149827310 |issn=0141-7789}}</ref><ref name="Waikar">{{Cite journal |last=Waikar |first=Prashant |year=2018 |title=Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi's Political Discourse |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=161–180 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161 |issn=2325-8381 }}</ref>}} इसजो मनगढ़ंतआरोप सिद्धांतलगाता है कि मुस्लिम पुरुष शादी के अनुसार,माध्यम से इस्लाम में धर्मांतरण के लिए व्यवस्थित रूप से हिंदू महिलाओं को निशाना बनाते हैं और मुस्लिम पुरुष हिन्दू महिलाओं को धर्मांतरित करने के लिए प्रेम,{{refn |<ref name="Dibyesh Anand" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmin |first=Amy |date=4 December 2020 |title=Hindu nationalists raise spectre of 'love jihad' with marriage law |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/04e9e662-dc8e-4d62-b243-bc918782f8e9 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201204035221/https://www.ft.com/content/04e9e662-dc8e-4d62-b243-bc918782f8e9 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>}} प्यार का दिखावा,{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Nair Vollhardt" /><ref name="Purewal 2020" />}} धोखे,{{refn |<ref name="Waikar" />}} अपहरण {{refn |<ref name="Charu Gupta" /><ref name="Inderpal Grewal">{{cite news |last=Grewal |first=Inderpal |author-link=Inderpal Grewal |date=7 October 2014 |title=Narendra Modi's BJP: Fake Feminism and 'Love Jihad' Rumors |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/narendra-modis-bjp-fake-f_b_5940276 |work=Huffington Post }}</ref><ref name="Banaji">{{Cite journal |last=Banaji |first=Shakuntala |date=2 October 2018 |title=Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India |journal=Javnost – the Public |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=333–350 |doi=10.1080/13183222.2018.1463349 |issn=1318-3222 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} और शादी{{refn |<ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Waikar" /><ref name="Sudha Ramachandran">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=Sudha |year=2020 |title=Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=15–20 |jstor=26918077 |issn=2382-6444 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravindran |first=Gopalan |title=Deleuzian and Guattarian Approaches to Contemporary Communication Cultures in India |publisher=Springer |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxHUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |isbn=978-981-15-2140-9 |pages=78}}</ref>}} जैसे तरीकों से लुभाते हैं। उनका मानना है की इसका उद्देश्य हिन्दुस्थान के खिलाफ मुस्लिमों द्वारा एक जनसांख्यिकीय "युद्ध"{{refn|<ref name="Mohan Rao" /><ref name="Farokhi" /><ref name="Priya Chacko">{{Cite journal |last=Chacko |first=Priya |date=March 2019 |title=Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=377–410 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000051 |hdl=2440/117274 |s2cid=149588748 |issn=0026-749X |hdl-access=free}}</ref>}} और अंतरराष्ट्रीय साजिश{{refn|<ref name="Charu Gupta" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Punwani |first=Jyoti |year=2014 |title=Myths and Prejudices about 'Love Jihad' |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=42 |pages=12–15 |jstor=24480870 |issn=0012-9976 }}</ref><ref name="Jayal 33–50">{{Cite journal |last=Jayal |first=Niraja Gopal |date=2 January 2019 |title=Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 |issn=0085-6401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} के तहत वर्चस्व स्थापित करना है।{{refn|<ref name="Signs">{{Cite journal |last1=Gökarıksel |first1=Banu |last2=Neubert |first2=Christopher |last3=Smith |first3=Sara |date=15 February 2019 |title=Demographic Fever Dreams: Fragile Masculinity and Population Politics in the Rise of the Global Right |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/701154 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=561–587 |doi=10.1086/701154 |s2cid=151053220 |issn=0097-9740 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maiorano |first=Diego |date=3 April 2015 |title=Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime Ministership |journal=The International Spectator |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=75–92 |doi=10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511 |s2cid=155228179 |issn=0393-2729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tyagi |first1=Aastha |last2=Sen |first2=Atreyee |date=2 January 2020 |title=Love-Jihad (Muslim Sexual Seduction) and ched-chad (sexual harassment): Hindu nationalist discourses and the Ideal/deviant urban citizen in India |journal=Gender, Place & Culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=104–125 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2018.1557602 |s2cid=165145583 |issn=0966-369X}}</ref>}}

== आधिकारिकअधिकारिक जांच ==

अक्टूबर 2009 में, कर्नाटक सरकार ने ज़ाहिर किया कि वो "लव जिहाद" रोकने के बारे में सोच रहे है, जो "एक बढ़ी समस्या लग रही है"।<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka to take steps to counter 'Love Jihad' movement |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31814/karnataka-take-steps-counter-love.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-date=26 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026175629/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31814/karnataka-take-steps-counter-love.html |url-status=live }}</ref> बोलने के एक हफ्ते बाद, सरकार ने सीआईडी को पता लगाने के लिए बोला कि अगर इन लड़कियों का धर्म बदलने की क्या एक संगठित कवायद चल रही है और, अगर हां, तो उसे पैसे कौन दे रहा है।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Govt-directs-CID-to-probe-love-jihad/articleshow/5166639.cms?referral=PM |title=Govt directs CID to probe 'love jihad' |work=The Times of India |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Govt-directs-CID-to-probe-love-jihad/articleshow/5166639.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> एक महिला, जिनका इस्लाम में धर्म बदलना केस के वजह से निगरानी में आ गया, को अपने अम्मी-अब्बा के पास वापस जाने का हुकुम मिला, लेकिन बाद में अदालत में धर्म बदलने के लिए ज़ोर-ज़बरदस्ती को नकारने के बाद अपने पती के पास वापस जाने दिया।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Love-jihad-HC-orders-thorough-probe-by-DGP/articleshow/5146769.cms?referral=PM |title=Love jihad: HC orders thorough probe by DGP |work=The Times of India |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130123743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Love-jihad-HC-orders-thorough-probe-by-DGP/articleshow/5146769.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/woman-denies-love-jihad-court-lets-her-to-go-with-lover_100274297.html |title=Woman denies 'love jihad', court lets her to go with lover |newspaper=Thaindian News |date=13 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102221900/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/woman-denies-love-jihad-court-lets-her-to-go-with-lover_100274297.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>