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यह 1037 से 1194 के मध्य में बनी मध्य-पूर्व का प्रमुख साम्राज्य था।
{{अनुवाद}}
इसकी राजधानी निशापुर रे इस्फहान थी।
''' महान सेल्जुक सभ्यता''' ({{lang-tr|Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu}}; {{PerB|شاهنشاهی بزرگ سلجوقی}} '' शहंशाही बोजोर्गे सल्जुकी'') मध्यकालीन तुर्की सुन्नी मुसलमान इस्लामी साम्राज्य का प्रमुख शासक था [[Persianate]] <ref name="Shahrbanu">M.A. Amir-Moezzi, ''"Shahrbanu"'', [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Edition, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK]): ''"... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."''</ref><ref>Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399</ref><ref>Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79</ref><ref>Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: ''"Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."''</ref> empire established by the ''Qynyq'' branch of [[Oghuz Turks]]<ref>
यहां की राजबाषा फारसी थी जबकी बुद्धिजिवियों द्वारा अधिकतर अरबी का प्रयोग किया जाता था।
*Jackson, P. (2002). Review: The History of the Seljuq Turks: The History of the Seljuq Turks.Journal of Islamic Studies 2002 13(1):75-76; doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.
*Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi. Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299-313.
*Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
* Hancock, I. (2006). ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
* Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
* Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).</ref> that once controlled a vast area stretching from the [[Hindu Kush]] to eastern [[Anatolia]] and from [[Central Asia]] to the [[Persian Gulf]]. From their homelands near the [[Aral sea]], the Seljuqs advanced first into [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and then into [[Greater Iran|mainland Persia]] before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
The Seljuq empire was founded by [[Toğrül|Tugrul Beg]] in 1037 after the efforts by the founder of the [[Seljuq dynasty]], [[Seljuk|Seljuq Beg]], back in the first quarter of the eleventh century. Seljuq Beg's father was in a higher position in the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]], and gave his name both to the state and the dynasty. The Seljuqs united the fractured political scene of the Eastern [[Islamic]] world and played a key role in the [[First Crusade|first]] and [[Second Crusade|second]] crusades. [[Persianization|Highly Persianized]]<ref name="Shahrbanu">M.A. Amir-Moezzi, ''"Shahrbanu"'', [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Edition, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK]): ''"... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."''</ref><ref>Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399</ref><ref>Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79</ref><ref>Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: ''"Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."''</ref> in culture<ref>C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: ''"While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose ''Mathnawī'', composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."''</ref><ref>Mehmed Fuad Koprulu's, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff , Routledge, 2006, pg 149: ''"If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local, i.e. non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount. The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazlra and Syria - indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India — also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dln Kai-Qubad I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought - in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. {Before coming to Anatolia,} the Turks had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that thev had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. Ala al-Din Kai-Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions.'' Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkistan, Iran, and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al-Din Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Ka us, and Kai-Qubad; and that. Ala' al-Din Kai-Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact {i.e. the importance of Persian influence} is undeniable. With- regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium."''</ref><ref>Stephen P. Blake, "Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639-1739". Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were "Pesianized and Islamicized"</ref> and language<ref name="iranica">O.Özgündenli, ''"Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries"'', [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Edition, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html LINK])</ref><ref name="britannica">[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], ''"Seljuq"'', Online Edition, ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 LINK]): ''"... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."''</ref><ref name="Ravandi">M. Ravandi, ''"The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities"'', in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp. 157-69</ref><ref>M.A. Amir-Moezzi, ''"Shahrbanu"'', [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Edition, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK]): ''"... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."''</ref><ref>F. Daftary, ''Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times'', in ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]]; [[UNESCO|UNESCO Publishing]], [[Institute of Ismaili Studies]]: ''"... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."''</ref>, the Seljuqs also played an important role in the development of the [[Turko-Persian tradition]]<ref>The [[Turko-Persian tradition]] "features Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers". See Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."</ref>.
==Founder of the Dynasty==
{{main|Seljuk}}
The [[apical]] ancestor of the Seljuqs was their [[Bey|Beg]], [[Seljuk|Seljuq]], who was reputed to have served in the [[Khazar]] army, under whom, circa 950 they migrated to [[Khwarezm]], near the city of Jend also called [[Khujand]], where they converted to [[Islam]].<ref>Wink, Andre, ''Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World,'' Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 pg.9</ref>
==Great Seljuk==
{{main|Seljuq dynasty|Persianate|Turko-Persian Tradition}}
The Seljuqs were allied with the [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Samanids|Samanid Shahs]] against the [[Qarakhanids]]. The [[Samanids]] however fell to the [[Qarakhanids]] and the emergence of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavids]] and were involved in the power struggle in the region before establishing their own independent base.
====Tugrul and Chagri Beg====
{{main|Toğrül}}
[[Toğrül|Togrul]] Beg was the grandson of Seljuk and Çagrı (Chagri) was his brother, under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]]s. Initially the Seljuks were repulsed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] and retired to [[Khwarezm]] but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture [[Merv]] and [[Nishapur]] (1028-1029). Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across [[Khorasan]] and [[Balkh]] and even sacked [[Ghazni]] in 1037. In 1039 at the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]], they decisively defeated [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I of the Ghaznavids]] resulting in him abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks. In 1055, Togrül captured [[Baghdad]] from the [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] [[Buwayhid|Buyids]] under a commission from the [[Abbassid]]s.
====Alp Arslan====
{{main|Alp Arslan}}
Alp Arslan was the son of Chagri Beg and expanded significantly upon Togrül's holdings by adding [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (Caucasus)|Georgia]] in 1064 and invading the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of [[Anatolia]]; Arslan's decisive victory at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (in 1071) effectively neutralized the Byzantine threat.<ref>{{Citation
| first = Princeton University
| title = Dhu'l Qa'da 463/ August 1071 The Battle of Malazkirt (Manzikert)
| url = http://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/kemal/malazf.htm
| accessdate = 2007-09-08}}</ref> He authorized his Turcoman generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as [[atabeg]]s loyal to him. Within two years the Turcomans had established control as far as the [[Aegean Sea]] under numerous "beghliks" (modern Turkish [[Anatolian beyliks|beyliks]]): the [[Saltuqi]]s in Northeastern Anatolia, [[Mengücek|Mengujeq]]s in Eastern Anatolia, [[Artuqid]]s in Southeastern Anatolia, [[Danishmend]]is in Central Anatolia, [[Sultanate of Rum|Rum Seljuks]] (Beghlik of [[Suleyman I of Rûm|Suleyman]], which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia and the Beghlik of [[Çaka Beg]] in [[İzmir]] ([[Smyrna]]).
====Malik Shah I====
{{main|Malik Shah I}}
Under [[Alp Arslan]]'s successor Malik Shah and his two Persian [[viziers]]<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], "Nizam al-Mulk", Online Edition, ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055970 LINK])</ref> [[Nizam al-Mulk|Nizām al-Mulk]] and [[Tāj al-Mulk]], the Seljuk state expanded in various directions, to former Iranian border before Arab invasion, so that it bordered [[China]] in the East and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] in the West.
He moved the capital from [[Rayy]] to [[Isfahan]]. The Iqta military system and the Nizāmīyyah University at Baghdad were established by Nizām al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshāh was reckoned the golden age of "Great Seljuk". The Abbasid Caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087. The [[Assassins (sect)|Assassins]] (''Hashshashin'') of [[Hassan-i-Sabah|Hassan-e Sabāh]] however started to become a force during his era and assassinated many leading figures in his administration.
==Governance==
[[Image:Male royal figure, 12-13th century, from Iran.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Head of male royal figure, 12-13th century, found in [[Iran]]. Carved and drilled stone with Seljuq craftsmanship. Kept at the [[New York Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
The Seljuk power was at its zenith under Malikshāh I, and both the [[Qarakhanid]]s and [[Ghaznavid]]s had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuks.<ref name="Wink2"> Wink, Andre, ''Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World,'' Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 pg 9-10</ref>. The Seljuk dominion was established over the ancient [[Sassanid]] domains, in [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]], and included [[Anatolia]] as well as parts of [[Central Asia]] and modern [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Wink2"/> The Seljuk rule was modelled after the tribal organization brought in by the nomadic conquerors and resembled a 'family federation' or 'appanage state'.<ref name="Wink2"/> Under this organization the leading member of the paramount family assigned family members portions of his domains as [[autonomous]] [[appanages]].<ref name="Wink2"/>
==The First Crusade==
The fractured states of the Seljuks were on the whole more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the crusaders during the [[First Crusade]]. The Seljuks easily defeated the untrained [[People's Crusade]] arriving in 1096, but could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent [[Princes' Crusade]], which took important cities such as [[Nicaea]], [[Iconium]], [[Kayseri]], and [[Antioch]] on its march to [[Jerusalem]], and in 1099 finally successfully captured the [[Holy Land]], setting up the first [[Crusader States]]. The Seljuks had already lost [[Palestine]] to the [[Fatimid]]s, who had recaptured it just before its capture by the crusaders.
==The Second Crusade==
:''See also: [[Second Crusade]], [[Zengi]], [[Nur ad-Din]]''
[[Ahmed Sanjar]] had to contend with the revolts of [[Qarakhanid]]s in [[Transoxiana]], [[Ghorid]]s in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Qarluk]]s in modern [[Kyrghyzstan]], even as the nomadic [[Kara-Khitai]]s invaded the East, destroying the Seljuk vassal state of the Eastern Qarakhanids. At the Battle of Qatwan in 1141, Sanjar lost all his eastern provinces up to the [[Syr Darya]].
During this time conflict with the Crusader States was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. At Mosul, [[Zengi]] succeeded [[Kerbogha]] as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. In 1144 Zengi captured [[Siege of Edessa|Edessa]], as the [[County of Edessa]] had allied itself with the [[Ortoqids]] against him. This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade. [[Nur ad-Din]], one of Zengi's sons who succeeded him as atabeg of [[Aleppo]], created an alliance in the region to oppose the Second Crusade, which landed in 1147.
==Division of empire==
:''See also: [[Sultanate of Rum]], [[Atabeg]]s''
When Malikshāh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. In Anatolia, Malikshāh I was succeeded by [[Kilij Arslan I]] who founded the [[Sultanate of Rum]] and in [[Syria]] by his brother [[Tutush I]]. In [[Persia]] he was succeeded by his son [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]] whose reign was contested by his other three brothers [[Barkiyaruq]] in [[Iraq]], [[Muhammad I of Great Seljuk|Muhammad I]] in [[Baghdad]] and [[Ahmed Sanjar|Ahmad Sanjar]] in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].
When [[Tutush I]] died his sons [[Radwan]] and [[Duqaq]] inherited [[Aleppo]] and [[Damascus]] respectively and contested with each other as well further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other.
In 1118, the third son [[Ahmed Sanjar|Ahmad Sanjar]] took over the empire. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I did not recognize his claim to the throne and [[Mahmud II]] proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar.
Elsewhere in nominal Seljuk territory were the [[Artuqids]] in northeastern Syria and northern [[Mesopotamia]]. They controlled [[Jerusalem]] until 1098. In eastern Anatolia and northern Syria a state was founded by the [[Danishmend|Dānišmand]] dynasty, and contested land with the [[Sultanate of Rum]] and [[Kerbogha]] exercised greeted independence as the [[atabeg]] of [[Mosul]].
== Legacy ==
The Seljuks were educated in the service of Muslim courts as slaves or mercenaries. The dynasty brought revival, energy, and reunion to the Islamic civilization hitherto dominated by Arabs and Persians. According to the Seljuks, they brought to the Muslims "fighting spirit and fanatical aggression". <ref>Previte-Orton (1971), vol.1, pg. 278-9</ref>
The Seljuks were also patrons of art and literature. Under the Seljuks universities were founded.<ref>two examples are: the Nizamiyah universities of Baghdad and Nishapur</ref> Their reign is characterized by astronomers such as [[Omar Khayyám]], and the philosopher [[al-Ghazali]].
<center>
<gallery>
Image:Borj-toghrul.jpg|[[Tughrul Tower|Toghrol Tower]], a 12th century monument south of [[Tehran]] commemorating [[Toğrül|Togrul]].
Image:Seljuq Ewer.jpg|Seljuq era art: [[Ewer]] from Herat, Afghanistan, dated 1180-1210CE. Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and [[bitumen]]. NY Metropolitan Museum.
Image:Kharaghan.jpg|[[Kharraqan towers|The Kharāghān twin towers]], built in 1053 CE in Iran, is the burial of Seljuq princes.
Image:Shatranj.jpg|[[Shatranj]] chess set, glazed [[fritware]], 12th century, from [[Iran]]. [[New York Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
</gallery>
</center>
== List of Emperors of the Great Seljuq Empire ==
* [[Seljuk|Seljuk Beg]] (named after)
* [[Tuğrul Beg]] (1037 - 1063) (the founder)
* [[Alp Arslan]] (1063 - 1072)
* [[Melik Şah I]] (1072 - 1092)
* [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud]] (1092 - 1094)
* [[Barkiyaruq]] (1094 - 1105)
* [[Melik Şah II]] (1105)
* [[Mehmed I of Great Seljuk|Mehmed]] (1105 - 1118)
* [[Ahmed Sanjar]] (1118 - 1153)
==Conquest by Khwarezm and the Ayyubids==
:''See also:[[Saladin]], [[Ayyubid]], [[Khwarezmid Empire]]''
In 1153, the Oghuz Turks rebelled and captured Sanjar. He managed to escape three years later but died a year later. Despite several attempts to reunite the Seljuks by his successors, the [[Crusade]]s prevented them from regaining their former empire. The atabegs, such as [[Zengids]] and [[Artuqids]], were only nominally under the Seljuk Sultan, and generally controlled Syria independently. When Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156, it fractured the empire even further and rendered the atabegs effectively independent.
#Khorasani Seljuks in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and Transoxiana. Capital: [[Merv]]
#[[Kerman]]i Seljuks
#Sultanate of Rum. Capital: [[Iznik]] ([[Nicaea]]), later [[Konya]] ([[Iconium]])
#Atabeghlik of Salgur in [[Iran]]
#Atabeghlik of [[Ildeniz]] in Iraq and Azerbaijan. Capital [[Hamadan]]
#Atabeghlik of [[Burid|Bori]] in Syria. Capital: Damascus
#Atabeghlik of Zangi in [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Al Jazira]] (Northern [[Mesopotamia]]). Capital: [[Mosul]]
#Turcoman Beghliks: [[Danishmend]]is, [[Artuqid]]s, Saltuqis and Mengujegs in Asia Minor
#[[Khwarezmshah]]s in [[Transoxiana]], [[Khwarezm]]. Capital: [[Urganch]]
After the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din's general [[Shirkuh]], who had established himself in [[Egypt]] on [[Fatimid]] land, was succeeded by [[Saladin]]. In time, Saladin rebelled against [[Nur ad-Din]], and, upon his death, Saladin married his widow and captured most of Syria and created the [[Ayyubid]] dynasty.
On other fronts, the [[Georgia (country)#Antiquity|Kingdom of Georgia]] began to become a regional power and extended its borders at the expense of Great Seljuk. The same was true during the revival of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] under [[Leo II of Armenia]] in Anatolia. The [[Abbassid]] caliph [[An-Nasir]] also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah [[Tekish|Ala ad-Din Tekish]].
For a brief period, [[Toghrül III|Togrul III]] was the Sultan of all Seljuk except for Anatolia. In 1194, however, Togrul was defeated by [[Tekish|Ala ad-Din Tekish]], the Shah of [[Khwarezmid Empire]], and the Seljuk finally collapsed. Of the former Seljuk Empire, only the [[Sultanate of Rûm]] in [[Anatolia]] remained. As the dynasty declined in the middle of the thirteenth century, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] invaded [[Anatolia]] in the 1260s and divided it into small [[emirate]]s called the [[Anatolian beyliks]]. Eventually one of these, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], would rise to power and conquer the rest.
== Notes ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
16 Fazli Konus, "Selcuklular Bibliyografyası", Konya, 2006, p. 410
== References ==
{{History of Greater Iran}}
*Previte-Orton, C. W (1971). ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* http://www.selcuklular.com/?
==See also==
*[[Atabeg]]
*[[Assassins (sect)]]
*[[Artuqid]]
*[[Danishmend]]
*[[Ghaznavid Empire]]
*[[Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm]]
*[[Ottoman Empire]]
*[[Seljuk]]
*[[:de:Seldschuken-Fürsten|Seldschuken-Fürsten]], list of Seljuk rulers in the German Wikipedia
*[[Turkic migrations]]
*[[Zazaki]], the [[Zaza]] people's dialect - a result of a Turkmen-Persian coexistence
==External links==
*[http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=Seljuk_empire All Empires Online History Community: The Seljuk Empire]
* http://www.selcuklular.com/?
==Literature==
*G. E. Tetley ''The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History'', Abingdon 2008, ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4
{{History of Turks}}
{{Empires}}
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[[ar:سلاجقة]]
[[az:سلجوقلار]]
[[bs:Seldžuci]]
[[bg:Селджуци]]
[[ca:Imperi Seljúcida]]
[[cs:Seldžucká říše]]
[[de:Seldschuken]]
[[fa:سلجوقیان]]
[[fr:Seldjoukides]]
[[el:Σελτζούκοι]]
[[ko:셀주크 제국]]
[[hr:Seldžuci]]
[[it:Selgiuchidi]]
[[he:סלג'וקים]]
[[ka:სელჩუკთა სახელმწიფო]]
[[ku:Selçûqî]]
[[lv:Lielā Seldžuku impērija]]
[[lt:Seldžiukai]]
[[hu:Szeldzsuk törökök]]
[[mk:Селџуци]]
[[ms:Wangsa Seljuk]]
[[nl:Seltsjoeken]]
[[ja:セルジューク朝]]
[[no:Seldsjukkene]]
[[nn:Seldsjukkar]]
[[pl:Wielcy Seldżucy]]
[[pt:Turcos seljúcidas]]
[[ro:Selgiucizi]]
[[ru:Сельджуки]]
[[sl:Seldžuški sultanat Rum]]
[[fi:Seldžukkien valtakunta]]
[[sv:Seldjuker]]
[[tr:Büyük Selçuklu Devleti]]
[[ur:سلجوقی سلطنت]]
[[zh:塞尔柱帝国]]
[[en:Great Seljuq Empire]]
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