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"मनोविज्ञान की समयरेखा": अवतरणों में अंतर

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पंक्ति 3:
== आरम्भिक काल ==
* 1550 ईसा पूर्व - एबर्स पेपीरस (Ebers papyrus) में संक्षेप में [[चिकित्सकीय अवसाद]] (clinical depression) का उल्लेख
* 350 ईसा पूर्व - [[अरस्तु|अरस्तू]] ने '''[[De Anima]]''' में ''psuchê'' के बारे में लिखा।
* 150 ईसा पूर्व - [[पतंजलिपतञ्जलि|पतंजलि]] ने [[पतञ्जलि योगसूत्र|योगसूत्र]] की रचना की, जिसका पहला सूत्र है : '''योग:चित्तवृत्तिनिरोध:''' (योग चित्त की वृत्तियों का नियंत्रण करने वाला है)
* ca 100 BC - the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] noted the division of human nature into two temperaments.
* 398 - Psychological analysis of Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, anticipates Freud by discovery of the 'sub-conscious'.<ref>Henry Chadwick, ''Augustine'' (Oxford, 1986), p.3.</ref>
* 705 - The first [[psychiatric hospital]]s and insane asylums were set up by [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physicians]] in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]].<ref name=Syed>[[Ibrahim B. Syed]] PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]</ref>
* ca 750 - Psychiatric hospitals were introduced to [[Fes]], [[मोरक्को|Morocco]].<ref name=Syed/>
* 800 - Psychiatric hospitals were introduced to [[Cairo]], [[मिस्र|Egypt]].<ref name=Syed/>
* ca 850 - [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) developed the use of [[psychotherapy]] and [[music therapy]] in treating mentally ill patients.<ref name=Saoud>{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Music2.pdf |title=The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World |accessdate=2007-01-12 |format=PDF |author= Saoud, R}}</ref>
* ca 850 - [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] developed the idea of using [[clinical psychiatry]] to treat mentally ill patients.<ref name=Amber>Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43''' (4): 357-377 [361]</ref>
पंक्ति 15:
* ca 900 - A form of [[psychotherapy]] was developed by [[al-Razi]] (Rhazes), who was at one time the chief physician of the [[Baghdad]] hospital.<ref name=Syed/> He first recognized the concept of "psychotherapy" and referred to it as ''al-‘ilaj al-[[nafs]]''.<ref>{{Citation |first=Amber |last=Haque |year=2004 |title=Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=357–377 [376] |doi=10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z}}</ref>
* 1021 - [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen) began to carry out [[experiment]]s in areas related to body and the ''[[nafs]]''. In his ''[[Book of Optics]]'', for example, he examined [[visual perception]] and what we now call [[wikt:sensation|sensation]], including variations in [[sensitivity]], sensation of [[touch]], [[perception]] of colors, perception of [[darkness]], the psychological explanation of the [[moon illusion]], and [[binocular vision]].<ref name=Khaleefa>Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", ''American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' '''16''' (2).</ref><ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1-59935-024-6.</ref>
* 1025 - In ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', [[Avicenna]] recognized '[[physiological psychology]]' in the treatment of illnesses involving [[emotion]]s, and developed a system for associating changes in the [[pulse]] rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the [[word association]] test.<ref name=Syed-7>Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7].</ref> He also described a number of [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] conditions, including [[hallucination]], [[insomnia]], [[mania]], [[nightmare]], [[melancholia]], [[dementia]], [[अपस्मार|epilepsy]], [[paralysis]], [[stroke]], [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] and [[tremor]].<ref>S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", ''Neurosurgical Focus'' '''23''' (1), E13, p. 3.</ref>
* ca 1030 - [[Al-Biruni]] employed an [[experiment]]al method in examining the concept of [[reaction time]].<ref>[[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]'', "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" ([[cf.]] [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction] and [http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MI_RRTI/chapter_05.htm])</ref>
* ca 1150 - [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) gave the first accurate descriptions on certain [[neurological]] disorders such as [[meningitis]], intracranial [[thrombophlebitis]], and [[mediastinal germ cell tumor]]s.<ref name=Araguz>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref>
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