हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा

हिन्दुस्तानी
	हिन्दी-उर्दू
	; देवनागरी और नस्तालीक़ लिपियों में लफ़्ज़ हिन्दुस्तानी
बोलने का स्थान	भारत, पाकिस्तान
क्षेत्र	भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप
मातृभाषी वक्ता	60 करोड़ (हिन्दी); 20 करोड़ (उर्दू)
भाषा परिवार	हिन्द-यूरोपीय हिन्द ईरानी हिन्द-आर्य केन्द्रीय इलाका पश्चिमी हिन्दी हिन्दुस्तानी; ; ; ; ;
Standard forms	मानक हिन्दी मानक उर्दू
उपभाषा	देहलवी कौरवी (ग्रामीण) दक्खिनी (दक्कनी)
लिपि	देवनागरी (हिन्दी); फारसी अरबी (उर्दू वर्णमाला) (उर्दू); पूर्वी नागरी लिपि (बांग्लादेश मेँ उर्दु के लिए); हिन्दी ब्रेल; उर्दू ब्रेल; कैथी (ऐतिहासिक);
राजभाषा मान्यता
औपचारिक मान्यता	भारत ; (हिन्दी और उर्दू के रूप में); पाकिस्तान ; (उर्दू के रूप में);
नियंत्रक संस्था	केन्द्रीय हिन्दी निदेशालय (हिन्दी, भारत); ; राष्ट्रीय भाषा विकास परिषद (उर्दू, पाकिस्तान); ; राष्ट्रीय उर्दू भाषा विकास परिषद (उर्दू, भारत)
भाषा कोड
आइएसओ 639-1	hi
आइएसओ 639-2	hin
आइएसओ 639-3	इनमें से एक:; hin – Hindi; urd – Urdu
भाषावेधशाला	59-AAF-qa to -qf
	क्षेत्र (लाल रंग) जहाँ हिन्दुस्तानी (देहलवी/कौरवि) मातृभाषा है
	हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा संस्करणका विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोश
	हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा संस्करणका विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोश

हिन्दुस्तानी (नस्तालीक़: ہندوستانی, अन्तरराष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक लिपि: [hɪndʊstaːniː]) या बोलचाल हिन्दी^[7] (नस्तालीक़: بول چال ہندی) या आसान उर्दू^[8] (नस्तालीक़: آسان اردو) बोली हिन्दी और उर्दू का एकीकृत रूप है।^[1]^[2] ये हिन्दी और उर्दू, दोनो के बोलचाल की भाषा है। इसमें संस्कृत के तत्सम शब्द और अरबी-फ़ारसी के उधार लिये गये शब्द, दोनों कम होते हैं। यही हिन्दी और उर्दू का वह रूप है जो भारत की जनता दैनिक जीवन में उपयोग करती है^[9] और हिन्दी सिनेमा इसी पर आधारित है। ये हिन्द यूरोपीय भाषा परिवार की भारोपीय भाषा की शाखा में आती है। ये देवनागरी या फ़ारसी-अरबी, किसी भी लिपि में लिखी जा सकती है।

क्षेत्र (लाल रंग) जहाँ हिन्दुस्तानी (देहलवी/कौरवि) मातृभाषा है

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हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा की अवधारणा को "एकीकृत भाषा" या "फ्यूज़न भाषा" के रूप में महात्मा गांधी द्वारा समर्थित किया गया था। हिन्दी से उर्दू में रूपान्तरण (या इसके विपरीत) आम तौर पर अनुवाद के बजाय केवल दो लिपियों के बीच लिप्यन्तरण द्वारा प्राप्त किया जाता है, जो आमतौर पर केवल धार्मिक और साहित्यिक ग्रन्थों के लिए आवश्यक होता है।

पुरानी हिन्दी के रूप में पहली बार लिखी गई काव्य-खण्ड का पता 769 ईस्वी के आरम्भ में लगाया जा सकता है।^[10] दिल्ली सल्तनत के दौरान, जिसने लगभग सम्पूर्ण भारत (आज के अधिकांश पाकिस्तान, दक्षिणी नेपाल और बांग्लादेश) पर राज किया था और जिसके परिणामस्वरूप हिन्दू और मुस्लिम संस्कृतियों का सम्पर्क हुआ, पुरानी हिन्दी जो प्राकृत पर आधारित थी तथा फ़ारसी से शब्दों को लेकर समृद्ध हुई, जो कि वर्तमान में भी विकसित हो रही है।^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

हिन्दुस्तानी भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के दौरान भारतीय राष्ट्रीय एकता^[17]^[18] की अभिव्यक्ति बन गई, और उत्तर भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के लोगों की आम भाषा के रूप में बोली जाती है,^[19] जो बॉलीवुड फ़िल्मों और गीतों की हिन्दुस्तानी शब्दावली में परिलक्षित होती है।^[20]^[21]

भाषा की मूल शब्दावली प्राकृत (संस्कृत की एक वंशज) से ली गई है, जिसमें फ़ारसी और अरबी (फ़ारसी के माध्यम से) से पर्याप्त मात्रा में शब्द लिए गए हैं। एथनोलॉग की रिपोर्ट है कि, 2020 तक, 81 करोड़ वक्ताओं के साथ हिन्दी और उर्दू मिलकर अंग्रेजी और मैण्डरिन के बाद दुनिया में तीसरी सबसे अधिक बोली जाने वाली भाषा का गठन करतीं हैं।

1995 में हिन्दी-उर्दू बोलने वालों की कुल संख्या 30 करोड़ से अधिक बताई गई, जिससे हिन्दुस्तानी दुनिया में तीसरी या चौथी सबसे अधिक बोली जाने वाली भाषा बन गई।^[22]^[10]

मानक हिन्दी

मानक हिन्दी, भारत की 22 आधिकारिक रूप से मान्यता प्राप्त भाषाओं में से एक और संघ की आधिकारिक भाषा है, आमतौर पर हिन्दी, भारत की स्वदेशी देवनागरी लिपि में लिखी जाती है और उर्दू की तुलना में कम फ़ारसी और अरबी प्रभाव दिखाती है। इसमें गद्य, कविता, धर्म और दर्शन के साथ 500 वर्षों का साहित्य है। एक बोली के विभिन्न स्पेक्ट्रम और रजिस्टरों के बारे में कल्पना कर सकते हैं, स्पेक्ट्रम के एक छोर पर अत्यधिक फ़ारसीकृत उर्दू और दूसरे छोर पर वाराणसी के आसपास के क्षेत्र में बोली जाने वाली एक संस्कृत की विविधता है। वहीं दूसरी ओर, भारत में सामान्य उपयोग में, हिन्दी में उन सभी बोलियों को शामिल किया गया है जो उर्दू के आसपास की नहीं हैं।

भारत भर के स्कूलों में मानक हिन्दी पढ़ाई जाती है (तमिलनाडु एक अपवाद है।)

पुरुषोत्तम दास टण्डन द्वारा औपचारिक और आधिकारिक हिन्दी की वकालत करने के बाद और स्वतन्त्रता के बाद भारत सरकार द्वारा स्थापित, जो कि संस्कृत से बहुत प्रभावित है,

पूरे भारत में हिन्दुस्तानी की बोलियाँ बोली जाती हैं,

लोकप्रिय टेलीविजन और फ़िल्मों में प्रयुक्त हिन्दुस्तानी का तटस्थ रूप (जो लगभग बोलचाल की उर्दू के समान है), और

टेलीविज़न और प्रिण्ट समाचार रिपोर्टों में हिन्दुस्तानी के अधिक औपचारिक तटस्थ रूप का उपयोग किया जाता है।

मानक उर्दू

ज़ुबान-ए-उर्दू-ए-मुअल्ला नस्तलीक़ में

उर्दू पाकिस्तान की राष्ट्रीय भाषा और राज्य भाषा है और भारत की २२ आधिकारिक मान्यता प्राप्त भाषाओं में से एक है। भारत के कुछ भागों को छोड़ कर, यह अरबी-पश्तो की (विस्तारित) नस्तलीक़ लिपि में लिखी जाती है। यह फ़ारसी शब्दावली से बहुत प्रभावित है और ऐतिहासिक रूप से रेख़्ता के रूप में भी जानी जाती है।

भाषा के साहित्य के शुरुआती रूपों को अमीर खुसरो देहलवी की १३वीं-१४वीं शताब्दी की कृतियों में देखा जा सकता है, जिन्हें अक्सर "उर्दू साहित्य का पिता" कहा जाता है, जबकि वाली डेक्कानी को उर्दू कविता के पूर्वज के रूप में देखा जाता है।

सम्बन्धित लेख

भारतीय भाषा

सन्दर्भ

↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47. We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.
↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ Ray, Aniruddha (2011). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray (English में). Primus Books. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-93-80607-16-0. There was the Hindustani Dictionary of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his One Language, Two Scripts (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.सीएस1 रखरखाव: नामालूम भाषा (link)
↑ Muhammad Shahabuddin Sabu; Nazir Uddin, संपा॰ (2021). বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী ডিক্সেনারি (বাংলা – ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধান) (Bengali में). Bangla Bazar, Dhaka: Takiya Mohammad Publications.
↑ "'বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী' অভিধানের মোড়ক উন্মোচন". 2023-04-29. मूल से 2023-04-29 को पुरालेखित.
↑ The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari and Hindi spelling in India. Source: Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction Archived 15 अप्रैल 2010 at the वेबैक मशीन
↑ "National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language". www.urducouncil.nic.in. मूल से 27 नवंबर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 जुलाई 2020.
↑ Agnihotri, Rama Kant (2007). Hindi: an essential grammar. Essential grammars (अंग्रेज़ी में) (1. publ संस्करण). London: Routledge. पृ॰ 05. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-415-35671-8.
↑ Shackle, C.; Snell, Rupert (1990). Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader (enghinurd में). New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. पपृ॰ 09. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-7026-162-9.सीएस1 रखरखाव: नामालूम भाषा (link)
↑ Justice, Markandey Katju. "The people's language is Hindustani, not Hindi". Indica News. मूल से 4 जुलाई 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 जुलाई 2020.
↑ ^अ ^आ Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. पपृ॰ 11–12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other.
↑ "Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation" (अंग्रेज़ी में). Google Arts & Culture. अभिगमन तिथि 25 February 2020. The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.
↑ Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). Urdu literature (अंग्रेज़ी में). Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-907962-30-4. But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.
↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis (अंग्रेज़ी में). University of Wisconsin–Madison. पृ॰ 27. Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.
↑ Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4 (अंग्रेज़ी में). Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1943. पृ॰ 264. ... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.
↑ सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Mody2008 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।
↑ Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing In India (अंग्रेज़ी में). National Book Trust, India. पृ॰ 31. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-237-2120-0. It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.
↑ Hans Henrich Hock (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics (अंग्रेज़ी में). Walter de Gruyter. पृ॰ 475. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-3-11-012962-5. During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.
↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages (अंग्रेज़ी में). Cambridge University Press. पपृ॰ 430 (Appendix I). आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-521-29944-2. Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; [see Khubchandani 1983: 90-1].
↑ Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 (अंग्रेज़ी में). Encyclopædia Britannica. पृ॰ 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.
↑ Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline (अंग्रेज़ी में). Oxford University Press. पृ॰ 160. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-19-518146-3. The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.
↑ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan (अंग्रेज़ी में). PublicAffairs. पृ॰ 398. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-56858-503-1. Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.
↑ Gambhir, Vijay (1995). The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages (अंग्रेज़ी में). University of Pennsylvania Press. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-8122-3328-5. The position of Hindi–Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.

यह लेख एक आधार है। जानकारी जोड़कर इसे बढ़ाने में विकिपीडिया की मदद करें।

सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: "note" नामक सन्दर्भ-समूह के लिए <ref> टैग मौजूद हैं, परन्तु समूह के लिए कोई <references group="note"/> टैग नहीं मिला। यह भी संभव है कि कोई समाप्ति </ref> टैग गायब है।

[Grierson-1] अ ^आ ^इ Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47. We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.

[Ray2011-2] अ ^आ ^इ Ray, Aniruddha (2011). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray (English में). Primus Books. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-93-80607-16-0. There was the Hindustani Dictionary of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his One Language, Two Scripts (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.सीएस1 रखरखाव: नामालूम भाषा (link)

[book-4] Muhammad Shahabuddin Sabu; Nazir Uddin, संपा॰ (2021). বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী ডিক্সেনারি (বাংলা – ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধান) (Bengali में). Bangla Bazar, Dhaka: Takiya Mohammad Publications.

[5] "'বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী' অভিধানের মোড়ক উন্মোচন". 2023-04-29. मूल से 2023-04-29 को पुरालेखित.

[6] The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari and Hindi spelling in India. Source: Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction Archived 15 अप्रैल 2010 at the वेबैक मशीन

[7] "National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language". www.urducouncil.nic.in. मूल से 27 नवंबर 2007 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 जुलाई 2020.

[8] Agnihotri, Rama Kant (2007). Hindi: an essential grammar. Essential grammars (अंग्रेज़ी में) (1. publ संस्करण). London: Routledge. पृ॰ 05. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-415-35671-8.

[9] Shackle, C.; Snell, Rupert (1990). Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader (enghinurd में). New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. पपृ॰ 09. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-7026-162-9.सीएस1 रखरखाव: नामालूम भाषा (link)

[10] Justice, Markandey Katju. "The people's language is Hindustani, not Hindi". Indica News. मूल से 4 जुलाई 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 4 जुलाई 2020.

[DelacyAhmed2005-11] अ ^आ Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. पपृ॰ 11–12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other.

[Rekhta2020-12] "Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation" (अंग्रेज़ी में). Google Arts & Culture. अभिगमन तिथि 25 February 2020. The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.

[MatthewsShackleHusain1985-13] Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). Urdu literature (अंग्रेज़ी में). Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-907962-30-4. But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.

[Dhulipala2000-14] Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis (अंग्रेज़ी में). University of Wisconsin–Madison. पृ॰ 27. Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.

[IJSW1943-15] Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4 (अंग्रेज़ी में). Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1943. पृ॰ 264. ... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.

[Mody2008-16] सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: <ref> का गलत प्रयोग; Mody2008 नाम के संदर्भ में जानकारी नहीं है।

[Kesavan1997-17] Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing In India (अंग्रेज़ी में). National Book Trust, India. पृ॰ 31. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-81-237-2120-0. It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.

[Hock1991-18] Hans Henrich Hock (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics (अंग्रेज़ी में). Walter de Gruyter. पृ॰ 475. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-3-11-012962-5. During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.

[:1-19] Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages (अंग्रेज़ी में). Cambridge University Press. पपृ॰ 430 (Appendix I). आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-521-29944-2. Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; [see Khubchandani 1983: 90-1].

[Ashmore1961-20] Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 (अंग्रेज़ी में). Encyclopædia Britannica. पृ॰ 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.

[Tunstall2008-21] Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline (अंग्रेज़ी में). Oxford University Press. पृ॰ 160. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-19-518146-3. The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.

[Hiro2015-22] Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan (अंग्रेज़ी में). PublicAffairs. पृ॰ 398. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-56858-503-1. Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.

[Gambhir1995-23] Gambhir, Vijay (1995). The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages (अंग्रेज़ी में). University of Pennsylvania Press. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-8122-3328-5. The position of Hindi–Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.

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