IPA |
Examples
|
---|
Consonants
|
---|
ʔ
|
-
| ɓ
|
b [ʔb]
| c
|
ch [tɕ] (Saigon final [t] after e/i/y [1])
| ɗ
|
đ [ʔd]
| f
|
ph
| h
|
h
| j
|
y (may follow all vowels but e/i/y [1])
| k
|
c, qu
| kp
|
c (after u, ô) [kʷ]
| l
|
l
| m
|
m
| n
|
n (Saigon final [ŋ] after a/o/u [2])
| ɲ
|
nh (Saigon final [n] after after e/i/y [1])
| ŋ
|
ng
| ŋm
|
ng (after u, ô) [ŋʷ]
| p
|
p
| s
|
x
| ʂ
|
s (Hanoi [s])
| t
|
t (Saigon final [k] after a/o/u [2])
| tʰ
|
th
| ʈʂ
|
tr [ʈ] (Hanoi c)
| v
|
v (Saigon [j])
| w
|
u (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow all vowels but a/o/u [2])
| x
|
kh
| ɣ
|
g (before a/o/u [2]), gh (before e/i/y [1])
| z
|
d (Saigon [j])
| ʐ
|
r (Hanoi z)
| ʒ
|
g (before e/i [1])
|
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
---|
Diphthongs
|
---|
iə
|
iê, final ia
| ɯə
|
ươ, final ưa [ɉə]
| uə
|
uô, final ua
| Vj
|
(see /j/ above)
| Vw
|
(see /w/ above)
| CʷiV
|
uy: khuyên
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
---|
Tones
|
---|
a ə
|
a (Hanoi [˧], Saigon [˧])
| â ə̂
|
à (Hanoi [˧˩], Saigon [˧˩])
| ǎ ə̌
|
á (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˥])
| a᷉ ə᷉ [3] |
ả (Hanoi [˧˩˧], Saigon [˧˩˧])
| ǎˀ ə̌ˀ
|
ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˩˧])
| âˀ ə̂ˀ
|
ạ (Hanoi [˧ˀ˩], Saigon [˧˩˧ˀ])
| ə́k[4] |
ấc (Hanoi [], Saigon [])
| ə̀k[4] |
ậc (Hanoi [˨], Saigon [])
|
|