| IPA |
Examples
|
| Consonants
|
| ʔ
|
-
|
| ɓ
|
b [ʔb]
|
| c
|
ch [tɕ] (Saigon final [t] after e/i/y [1])
|
| ɗ
|
đ [ʔd]
|
| f
|
ph
|
| h
|
h
|
| j
|
y (may follow all vowels but e/i/y [1])
|
| k
|
c, qu
|
| kp
|
c (after u, ô) [kʷ]
|
| l
|
l
|
| m
|
m
|
| n
|
n (Saigon final [ŋ] after a/o/u [2])
|
| ɲ
|
nh (Saigon final [n] after after e/i/y [1])
|
| ŋ
|
ng
|
| ŋm
|
ng (after u, ô) [ŋʷ]
|
| p
|
p
|
| s
|
x
|
| ʂ
|
s (Hanoi [s])
|
| t
|
t (Saigon final [k] after a/o/u [2])
|
| tʰ
|
th
|
| ʈʂ
|
tr [ʈ] (Hanoi c)
|
| v
|
v (Saigon [j])
|
| w
|
u (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow all vowels but a/o/u [2])
|
| x
|
kh
|
| ɣ
|
g (before a/o/u [2]), gh (before e/i/y [1])
|
| z
|
d (Saigon [j])
|
| ʐ
|
r (Hanoi z)
|
| ʒ
|
g (before e/i [1])
|
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
| Diphthongs
|
| iə
|
iê, final ia
|
| ɯə
|
ươ, final ưa [ɉə]
|
| uə
|
uô, final ua
|
| Vj
|
(see /j/ above)
|
| Vw
|
(see /w/ above)
|
| CʷiV
|
uy: khuyên
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
| Tones
|
| a ə
|
a (Hanoi [˧], Saigon [˧])
|
| â ə̂
|
à (Hanoi [˧˩], Saigon [˧˩])
|
| ǎ ə̌
|
á (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˥])
|
| a᷉ ə᷉[3]
|
ả (Hanoi [˧˩˧], Saigon [˧˩˧])
|
| ǎˀ ə̌ˀ
|
ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˩˧])
|
| âˀ ə̂ˀ
|
ạ (Hanoi [˧ˀ˩], Saigon [˧˩˧ˀ])
|
| ə́k[4]
|
ấc (Hanoi [], Saigon [])
|
| ə̀k[4]
|
ậc (Hanoi [˨], Saigon [])
|
|
