Consonants
|
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Greek alphabet |
IPA |
Examples |
English equivalent for Modern Greek
|
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Anc. |
Mod.
|
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῾
|
h
|
∅
|
ἥρως [hɛ̌ːrɔːs], [ˈiros]
|
hero
| β
|
b
|
v
|
βίος [ˈvios]
|
vet
| γ
|
ɡ
|
ɣ
|
γάλα [ˈɣala]
|
| ʝ[1] |
γη [ʝi]
|
yellow
| δ
|
d
|
ð
|
δημοκρατία [ðimokraˈtia]
|
then
| ζ
|
d͡z[2] |
z
|
ζώνη [ˈzoni]
|
zero
| θ
|
tʰ
|
θ
|
θεολογία [θe̞oloˈʝia]
|
thing
| κ
|
k
|
k
|
καλός [kaˈlos]
|
sky
| c[1] |
κύκλος [ˈciklos]
|
somewhat like key
| λ
|
l
|
l
|
λεξικό [le̞ksiˈko]
|
lie
| ʎ[3] |
ελιά [e̞ˈʎa]
|
million
| μ
|
m
|
m
|
μηχανικός [mixaniˈkos]
|
mine
| ν
|
n
|
n
|
νέος [ˈne̞os]
|
nine
| ɲ[3] |
νιότη [ˈɲoti]
|
onion
| ξ
|
ks
|
ξενοφοβία [kse̞nofoˈvia]
|
tax
| π
|
p
|
πρόγραμμα [ˈproɣrama]
|
spy
| ρ
|
r
|
r[4] |
ρητορική [ritoriˈci]
|
trilled r, as in Italian and Spanish
| ῥ
|
r̥[5] |
| σ[6] |
s
|
σύστημα [ˈsistima]
|
sea
| τ
|
t
|
τηλέφωνο [tiˈle̞fono]
|
step
| φ
|
pʰ
|
f
|
φαινόμενο [fe̞ˈnome̞no]
|
fly
| χ
|
kʰ
|
x
|
χάος [ˈxaos]
|
loch (Scottish)
| ç[1] |
χειρόγραφος [çiˈroɣrafos]
|
(often) human
| ψ
|
ps
|
ψυχοθεραπεία [psixoθe̞raˈpia]
|
tips
| γγ
|
|
ŋɡ, ŋɣ[7] |
αγγούρι [aŋˈguri]/συγγραφέας [siŋɣraˈfe̞as]
|
finger
| ɲɟ, ŋʝ[1][7] |
άγγελος [ˈaɲɟe̞los]/εγγενής [eɲʝe̞ˈnis]
|
angel
| γκ
|
|
ɡ, ŋɡ[7] |
εγκώμιο [e̞ŋˈgomio]
|
good, finger
| ɟ, ɲɟ[1][7] |
εγκυκλοπαίδεια [e̞ɲɟikloˈpe̞ðia]
|
argue, angular
| γχ
|
|
ŋx[7] |
άγχος [ˈaŋxos]
|
| ɲç[1][7] |
εγχείριση [e̞ɲˈçirisi]
|
| γξ
|
|
ŋks
|
έλεγξα [ˈe̞le̞ŋksa]
|
thanks
| μπ
|
|
b, mb[7] |
εμπάθεια [e̞mˈbaθia]
|
book, amble
| ντ
|
|
d, nd[7] |
εντάξει [e̞nˈdaksi]
|
duck, under
| τσ
|
|
t͡s
|
τσάι [ˈt͡sai]
|
cats
| τζ
|
|
d͡z
|
τζαζ [ˈd͡zaz]
|
pads
|
|
Vowels
|
---|
Greek alphabet |
IPA |
Examples |
English equivalent for Modern Greek
|
---|
Anc. |
Mod.
|
---|
α
|
a
|
a
|
αλφάβητο [alˈfavito]
|
tar, spa
| aː
|
| αι
|
ai̯, aj
|
e̞
|
|
between bet and bait
| ε
|
e̞
|
ενέργεια [e̞ˈne̞rʝia]
| ει
|
eː
|
i[8][9] |
ενέργεια [e̞ˈne̞rʝia]
|
seem
| η
|
ɛː
|
ηθική [iθiˈci]
| ι
|
i
|
ιστορία [istoˈria]
| iː
|
| υ[10] |
y
|
υγιεινή [iʝiiˈni]
| yː
|
| οι
|
ɔi̯, oj
|
οικονομία [ikonoˈmia]
| υι
|
ui̯
|
υιός [iˈos]
| ο
|
o
|
o
|
οργανισμός [orɣanizˈmos]
|
hope
| ω
|
ɔː
|
ώρα [ˈora]
| αυ
|
au̯
|
av, af
|
αύρα [ˈavra] /αυθεντικός [afθendiˈkos]
|
[a] then [v] / [f]
| ευ
|
eu̯
|
e̞v, e̞f
|
ευρώπη [e̞vˈropi] / ευφορία [e̞foˈria]
|
[e̞] then [v] / [f]
| ηυ
|
ɛːu̯
|
iv, if
|
εφηύρα [e̞ˈfivra] / ηυξημένος [ifksiˈme̞nos]
|
[i] then [v] / [f]
| ου
|
oː
|
u
|
ουτοπία [utoˈpia]
|
boot
|
Stress and tone
|
---|
IPA |
Examples |
|
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Ancient Greek
|
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á
|
|
Acute: High tone on short vowels
| ǎː
|
Acute: Rising tone on long vowels and diphthongs
| a
|
|
Grave: low tone ([à])
| âː
|
|
Circumflex: Falling tone on long vowels and diphthongs
| Modern Greek
|
---|
ˈa
|
άλλος [ˈallos]
|
Stress mark: placed before the stressed syllable or vowel. Represented in monotonic orthography by tonos. Occurs on one of final three syllables, including any enclitics.
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